Nepenthes alata (/nɪˈpɛnθiːzəˈlɑːtə/; fromLatinalatus "winged") is a tropicalpitcher plantendemic to thePhilippines.[7][17] Like all pitcher plants, it iscarnivorous and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highlypolymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.
N. alata can vary strongly in colouration and morphology. Thefloral formula is ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 for staminate (the apical stamen /*/ may not be present) and ✶ K4 A0G(4) for pistillate flowers.[18]
^Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Identification and typification ofNepenthes blancoi, withN. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines".Nordic Journal of Botany.31 (2):151–156.doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x.
^abcdefgCheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Typification and redelimitation ofNepenthes alata with notes on theN. alata group, andN. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines".Nordic Journal of Botany.31 (5):616–622.doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x.
^Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
^Kurata, S (1973). "Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra".The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore.26 (2):227–232.
^(in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986.Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genusNepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.)Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
^Catalano, M. 2009.Nepenthes. In:Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
^abCheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines".Willdenowia.43 (1):107–111.doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112.
^(in German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013.Nepenthes viridis, eine neueNepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen.Das Taublatt76: 4–21.
^Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines".Blumea.58 (3):241–244.doi:10.3767/000651913X675124.
^abKurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species ofNepenthes.The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore26(1): 155–158.AbstractArchived 2011-07-22 at theWayback Machine
Alejandro, G.J.D.; Baysa, J.P.C.; Lemana, B.O.C.; Madulara, G.M.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2007). "Conspecificity ofNepenthes alata Blco. population found in Mt. Guisguis, Zambales inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data".Acta Manilana.55:15–21.doi:10.3860/acta.v55i0.1482.
Alejandro, G.J.D.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2008). "The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic PhilippineNepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae)".The Philippine Scientist.45:99–110.doi:10.3860/psci.v45i0.994.
An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2001). "Plasma-membrane H+-ATPases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata Blanco".Planta.212 (4):547–555.doi:10.1007/s004250000455.PMID11525511.
An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata Blanco".Planta.214 (5):661–667.doi:10.1007/s004250100665.PMID11882933.
An, C.-I.; Takekawa, S.; Okazawa, A.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata Blanco".Planta.215 (3):472–477.doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0768-7.PMID12111230.
Bauer, U.; Clemente, C.J.; Renner, T.; Federle, W. (2012). "Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorousNepenthes pitcher plants".Journal of Evolutionary Biology.25 (1):90–102.doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x.PMID22023155.
Benz, M.J.; Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2012). "Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorousNepenthes taxa".Arthropod-Plant Interactions.6 (1):147–158.doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2.
Beveridge, N.G.P.; Rauch, C.; Keßler, P.J.A.; van Vugt, R.R.; van Welzen, P.C. (2013). "A new way to identify living species ofNepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed!".Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.42 (4):122–128.doi:10.55360/cpn424.nb466.
Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012.Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
Eilingsfeld, A (2008). "Endoskop-Aufnahmen aus der Verdauungsflüssigkeit einerNepenthes alata".Das Taublatt (in German).60:4–7.
Fontanilla, J.R.; Madulid, R. (2002). "Morphometric analysis ofNepenthes alata Blco. in Mt. Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales".Acta Manilana.50:25–31.
Gaume, L.; Gorb, S.; Rowe, N. (2002). "Function of epidermal surfaces in the trapping efficiency ofNepenthes alata pitchers".New Phytologist.156 (3):479–489.doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00530.x.PMID33873580.
Gorb, E.V.; Haas, K.; Henrich, A.; Enders, S.; Barbakadze, N.; Gorb, S. (2005). "Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment".Journal of Experimental Biology.208 (24):4651–4662.doi:10.1242/jeb.01939.PMID16326946.
Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2006). "Physicochemical properties of functional surfaces in pitchers of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata Blanco (Nepenthaceae)".Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany).8 (6):841–848.doi:10.1055/s-2006-923929.PMID17203436.
Gronemeyer, T (2008). "Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – ein Reisebericht".Das Taublatt (in German).60:15–27.
Gronemeyer, T.; Heinrich, V. (2008). "Wiederentdeckung vonNepenthes surigaoensis am Naturstandort auf den Philippinen".Das Taublatt (in German).60 (1):28–33.
Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2008). "Proteome analysis of pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata".Journal of Proteome Research.7 (2):809–816.doi:10.1021/pr700566d.PMID18183948.
Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Proteomic analysis of secreted protein induced by a component of prey in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata".Journal of Proteomics.75 (15):4844–4852.doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.048.PMID22705321.
Ishisaki, K.; Honda, Y.; Taniguchi, H.; Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata".Glycobiology.22 (3):345–351.doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr142.PMID21930651.
Ishisaki, K.; Arai, S.; Hamada, T.; Honda, Y. (2012). "Biochemical characterization of a recombinant plant class III chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata".Carbohydrate Research.361:170–174.doi:10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.001.PMID23026711.
Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S.; Miura, Y. (1988). "Decomposing enzymes against human blood-group antigens in the extract ofNepenthes alata".Die Naturwissenschaften.75 (5):258–259.doi:10.1007/BF00378020.PMID3405311.
Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S. (1991). "The effect of theNepenthes alata extract on the cold agglutinin-associated antigens".Nihon Hōigaku Zasshi.45 (1):30–32.PMID2046171.
Kamesaki, T.; Kajii, E.; Ikemoto, S. (1989). "Purification of the decomposing enzyme fromNepenthes alata against glycophorin B of human red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography".Journal of Chromatography.489 (2):384–389.doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82918-7.PMID2666423.
McPherson, S.; Gronemeyer, T. (2008). "Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen: eine Fotodokumentation".Das Taublatt (in German).60:34–78.
Meimberg, H.; Dittrich, P.; Bringmann, G.; Schlauer, J.; Heubl, G. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based onmatK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa".Plant Biology.2 (2):218–228.doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460.
Meimberg, H.; Wistuba, A.; Dittrich, P.; Heubl, G. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data".Plant Biology.3 (2):164–175.doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897.
Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2006). "Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae".Plant Biology.8 (6):831–840.doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676.PMID17203435.
Merrill, E.D. 1905.Nepenthaceæ. In:A review of the identifications of the species described in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Bureau of Public Printing, Manila. p. 72.
Merrill, E.D. 1918.Nepenthaceae. In:Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. p. 160.
Renner, T.; Specht, C.D. (2011). "A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping".International Journal of Plant Sciences.172 (7):889–901.doi:10.1086/660882.
Riedel, M.; Eichner, A.; Jetter, R. (2003). "Slippery surfaces of carnivorous plants: composition of epicuticular wax crystals inNepenthes alata Blanco pitchers".Planta.218 (1):87–97.doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1075-7.PMID12883887.
Scholz, I.; Bückins, M.; Dolge, L.; Erlinghagen, T.; Weth, A.; Hischen, F.; Mayer, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Riederer, M.; Riedel, M.; Baumgartner, W. (2010). "Slippery surfaces of pitcher plants:Nepenthes wax crystals minimize insect attachmentvia microscopic surface roughness".Journal of Experimental Biology.213 (7):1115–1125.doi:10.1242/jeb.035618.PMID20228348.
Slack, A. 1979.Nepenthes alata. In:Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 85–86.
Sota, T.; Mogi, M.; Kato, K. (1998). "Local and regional-scale food web structure inNepenthes alata pitchers".Biotropica.30 (1):82–91.doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00371.x.
Thornhill, A.H.; Harper, I.S.; Hallam, N.D. (2008). "The development of the digestive glands and enzymes in the pitchers of threeNepenthes species:N. alata,N. tobaica, andN. ventricosa (Nepenthaceae)".International Journal of Plant Sciences.169 (5):615–624.doi:10.1086/533599.