Neo-Byzantine architecture (also referred to asByzantine Revival) was arevival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and publicbuildings. It incorporates elements of theByzantine style associated withEastern andOrthodox Christian architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries, notably that ofConstantinople (present-dayIstanbul) and theExarchate of Ravenna.
Neo-Byzantine architecture emerged in the 1840s inWestern Europe and peaked in the last quarter of the 19th century with theSacré-Coeur Basilica inParis, and with monumental works in theRussian Empire, and laterBulgaria. The Neo-Byzantine school was active inYugoslavia in theinterwar period.
Sophia Cathedral inPushkin (1782–1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwiseneoclassical structures. In 1830sNicholas I of Russia promoted the so-calledRusso-Byzantine style of churches designed byKonstantin Thon. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with akeel-shapedgable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with anonion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard.
True Byzantine art, popularized byGrigory Gagarin andDavid Grimm, was adopted byAlexander II of Russia as the de facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland,Crimea, theCaucasus). However, few buildings were completed in the reign of Alexander II due to financial troubles.Alexander III changed state preference in favor ofRussian Revival trend based on 16th–17th centuryMoscow andYaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus andCentral Asia, theCossack hosts and the industrial region inUrals around the city ofPerm. ArchitectsDavid Grimm andVasily Kosyakov developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetricalpendentive apses that became the de facto standard in the 1880s–1890s.
The reign ofNicholas II was notable for the architect's turn from this standard back toHagia Sophia legacy, peaking in theNaval Cathedral in Kronstadt andPoti cathedral. These designs employedreinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporaryArt Nouveau yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition was terminated by theRussian Revolution of 1917 but was continued by emigrant architects inYugoslavia andHarbin.
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The Bulgarian Neo-Byzantine style from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is often a combination of Byzantine,typical Bulgarian, Eastern Orthodox andSecession/Art Nouveau/Modernisme elements.
![Entrance of the Laurențiu and Louise Steinebach House (Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari no. 18), Bucharest, by Alfred Popper, 1915-1916[1]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a18_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2c_Bucharest_(03).jpg)
![Doctor Dobrovici House (Bulevardul Lascăr Catargiu no. 40), Bucharest, by Duiliu Marcu, 1919-1925[2]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a40_Bulevardul_Lasc%25C4%2583r_Catargiu%2c_Bucharest_(04).jpg)
![Doctor Ion and Maria Urlățeanu House (Strada Dumbrava Roșie no. 10), Bucharest, by Alfred Popper, 1922-1923[3]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a10_Strada_Dumbrava_Ro%25C8%2599ie%2c_Bucharest_(05).jpg)
![Strada Pictor Constantin Stahi no. 18, Bucharest, by Tiberiu Niga, 1930s[4]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a18_Strada_Pictor_Constantin_Stahi%2c_Bucharest_(01).jpg)
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Serbia's modern sacral architecture got its main impetus from the dynastic burial church in Oplenac which was commissioned by the Karađorđeviċ dynasty 1909.[5] With the arrival of Russian émigré artists after theOctober Revolution, Belgrade's main governmental edifices were planned by eminent Russian architects trained in Russia. It was King Alexander I who was the patron of the Neo-Byzantine movement.[6] Its main proponents wereAleksandar Deroko,Momir Korunović,Branko Krstić,Grigorije Samojlov andNikolay Krasnov. Their main contribution were the royal castles on Dedinje, theChurch of Saint Sava and theSt. Mark's Church in Belgrade. After the communist era ended,Mihajlo Mitrović and Nebojša Popović were proponents of new tendencies in sacral architecture which used classic examples in the Byzantine tradition.[7]
Istanbul: Agia Triada in Taksim.
Ayvalık: Agios Georgios (çınarlı mosque), Agios Ioannis (saatli mosque), Taxiarchis (Koç museum) in Moschonisi/Cunda.
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Danish architectTheophil Hansen became a supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to theNeo-Grec andNeo-Renaissance style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in theAcademy of Fine Arts in Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture inAustro-Hungary,Serbia and post-warYugoslavia. Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work includes theArsenal in Vienna (1852—1856, withLudwig Förster), theHoly Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Vienna (1856—1858) and the Christuskirche inMatzleindorf, Vienna (1858—1860).
Earliest examples of emerging Byzantine-Romanesque architecture include theAlexander Nevsky Memorial Church, Potsdam, by Russian architectVasily Stasov, and theAbbey of Saint Boniface, laid down byLudwig I of Bavaria in 1835 and completed in 1840. The basilica followed the rules of 6th-centuryRavenna architecture, although itscorinthian order was a clear deviation from the historical Byzantine art. In 1876Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned Neo-Byzantine interiors of the externally RomanesqueNeuschwanstein Castle, complete with mosaic images ofJustinian I and Greek saints.
Several Neo-Byzantine-style churches were constructed during theGründerzeit, for instance, theSacred Heart Church or theRosary Basilica, both located inBerlin.
One of the earliest examples in France is the enormousMarseille Cathedral, built between 1852 and 1893, and the basilica ofNotre-Dame de la Garde, both located in Marseille.
Another example is the Russian orthodoxAlexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris build 1859-1861.[8]
TheSaint-Augustin in Paris build between 1860 and 1871 is an example ofEclectic Romano-Byzantine architecture.
A prominent example of Byzantine Revival architecture in France is theBasilica of Sacre-Coeur in Paris, built between 1875 and 1914, based on the original plan ofPaul Abadie. It features five elongated domes on the exterior and an interior with mosaics and other art inspired byByzantine art.[9] Inspired by the former is another excellent example - theBasilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux completed in 1954.
Westminster Cathedral (1895–1903), the Catholic cathedral in London, is the largest and most thorough British effort in the style, byJohn Francis Bentley (1839–1902), but there are a number of other churches and other buildings such as theChrist Church, Brixton Road, also in London, byArthur Beresford Pite, 1897–1903, nearThe Oval cricket ground andSt Mary and St George Church,High Wycombe (1935–1938). From about 1850 to 1880 inBristol a related style known asBristol Byzantine was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of theByzantine style withMoorish architecture.Newman University Church,Dublin (1885–86) is a notable Irish example.
In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen invernacular amalgamations with otherMedieval revivalist styles such asRomanesque andGothic, or even with theMission Revival orSpanish Colonial Revival styles.
TheBasilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States of America.The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of the largest churches in the world,[10] and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C.[11][12][13] Its construction of Byzantine Revival andRomanesque Revival architecture began on September 23, 1920, with renowned contractor John McShain and was completed on December 8, 2017, with the dedication and solemn blessing of theTrinity Dome mosaic on December 8, 2017, theFeast of the Immaculate Conception, byCardinalDonald William Wuerl.[14]
Other notableUS examples include many buildings on the campus ofRice University inTexas, andChrist Church United Methodist in Manhattan byRalph Adams Cram;Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota),Immaculate Conception Church inNew Orleans,St. Francis de Sales Church inPhiladelphia,Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis,Temple Beth Israel in Portland, Oregon, andSts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church in Buffalo, New York.
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