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Dryer^[1] defined three different types of negative markers in language. Beside negative particles and negativeaffixes,negative verbs play a role in various languages. The negative verb is used to implement aclausal negation. The negative predicate counts as a semantic function and is localized and therefore grammaticalized in different languages. Negation verbs are often used as anauxiliary type which also carriesφ-feature content. This could be visualized for example in theinflectional character of the negation verb while combined with the main verb. Dryer^[2] observes a tendency to place the negation verb before the finite verb. Miestamo^[3] researched four different types of negations and proposed a distinction betweensymmetric negation in which a negative marker is added andasymmetric negation in which, beside the added negation marker, other structural changes appear.

In English, astandard negation (SN) is used to negatedeclarative main clauses. The verbal negation predicate is 'not'. To negate other clauses, the negation construction differs from SN. The English auxiliary 'do', in combination with the negative verb, indicates whether one or multiple individuals are involved, while the verb referring to the negated activity remains non-inflected. Concluding this, ordinary verbs take the auxiliarydo when negated bynot.

Uralic languages differ from each other in the particulars of negation predicate use but continue to show specific similarities.^[4] For defining different patterns of negation predicates it is necessary to know about thelexical verb (LV) and thefinite form (FE). Miestamo defined four types of asymmetry in negation verbs. The first type shows a prominent appearance in Uralic languages. It is defined as A/Fin (A = asymmetry | Fin = finiteness) and describes that influenced by the negation verb, the finiteness of the LV is reduced or lost. For example, the LV loses the finiteness because the clause is marked by the de-verbalizing negative morpheme. Therefore, thecopula is added as a type that holds the finite status (FE). In someUralic languages, speakers produce^{[clarification needed]}connegatives to construct the syntactically acceptable word form used in negative clauses.

The standard negation (SN) in theFinnish language is realized by a verbal complex.^[5] First the LV with a non-finite character is formed followed by the finite element which is presented as the negative auxiliary. The root of the auxiliary is 'e-'. The ending gives information aboutperson andnumber. The marker fortense is not presented on the auxiliary and is only dependent on the clausal context. Therefore, tense is marked on the LV separated from the auxiliary and appears as connegative form in present tense and past participle in past tense.

Indicative,conditional, andpotential

Imperative

TheEstonian language uses a particle-like non-inflectional negative auxiliary^[6] which is hierarchically presented on a pre-verbal slot. The auxiliary is realized as 'ei'. A special form differs from the SN while forming the connegative in the present tense, in the past form, or in the active past participle. In the Estonian language, the flectional character doesn't seem to be a necessary feature for the negative auxiliary, which differs from other Uralic languages. This is important because the question appears, if the auxiliary has to show a flectional marker even if the LV is not showing any flectional marker without using the negation modus.

Indicative,conditional, andoblique

Imperative

InSkolt Saami the SN shows a negative auxiliary compared with a non-finite LV. For imperative a special case is provided.^[7]

InSouth Saami, the SN is realized by a negative auxiliary. This form is used in present tense and the preterite. The LV is presented as a connegative form. A special case is presented while creating the imperative.^[8] In this case the negative auxiliary gets a full personal paradigm except for the third person 'dual'. The third person in singular in present tense of the negative auxiliary is prohibited as a negative reply.

The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms inInari Sami.

Indicative,conditional, andpotential mood

Imperative

The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms inNorthern Sami.

Indicative,conditional, andpotential mood

Imperative

The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms inLule Sami.

Indicative,conditional, andpotential mood

Hungarian has lost most evidence of a negative verb, but the negation particle 'nem' becomes 'ne' before verbs in the jussive/imperative (also sometimes called the conditional mood or J-mood). Furthermore, the 3rd person present indicative of the copular verb ('lenni') has unique negative forms 'nincs(en)' and 'nincsenek' as opposed to 'nem van' and 'nem vannak', but only when the particle and verb would occuradjacently. In all other instances, the copular verb acts regularly. These forms are also unique in that they have an existential role "there is (not)" and "there are (not)". In the present indicative 3rd person, copular verbs are not used; rather the absence of a verb (with or without a negation particle) implies the copula.

In theKomi language, the negative marker and the form of the negative construction are dependent on the clausal tense.^[9] If the corresponding affirmative predicate is based on a verbal form, a negative auxiliary is used. This is not convertible for affirmative verbs with nominal forms. The negative auxiliary is used in present tense, future tense, 1st past tense of indicative, and in the imperative and optative mood.

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Korean verbs can be negated by the negative verbs않다anta and못하다mothada or by the negative adverbs안an and못mot. Thecopula이다ida has a corresponding negative copula아니다anida. (anida is an independent word likeanta andmothada, unlikeida which cannot stand on its own and must be attached to a noun.)

• Verb types

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