Nagapattinam | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Sikkal Singaravelan Temple, Nagapattinam Lighthouse, Beach view,Nagore Dargah, VelankanniBasilica of Our Lady of Good Health | |
| Nickname: City of Coromandel | |
  Nagapattinam Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu | |
| Coordinates:10°46′02″N79°50′42″E / 10.767200°N 79.844900°E /10.767200; 79.844900 | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  Tamil Nadu |
| District | Nagapattinam |
| Region | Cauvery Delta |
| Established | 1866 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Selection Grade Municipality |
| • Body | Nagapattinam Municipality Chairman R.Marimuthu |
| Area | |
• Total | 17.92 km2 (6.92 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 29 m (95 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 102,905 |
| • Rank | 32 |
| • Density | 5,800/km2 (15,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 611xxx |
| Telephone code | 04365 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 51 |
Nagapattinam (nākappaṭṭinam, previously speltNagapatnam orNegapatam) is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters ofNagapattinam district. The town came to prominence during the period ofMedieval Cholas (9th–12th century CE) and served as their important port for commerce and east-bound naval expeditions. TheChudamani Vihara in Nagapattinam constructed by theSrivijayan king Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman of the Sailendra dynasty with the help ofRajaraja Chola I was an important Buddhist structure in those times.[1][2] Nagapattinam was settled by thePortuguese and, later, the Dutch under whom it served as the capital ofDutch Coromandel from 1660 to 1781.[3] In November 1781, the town was conquered by theBritish East India Company. It served as the capital ofTanjore district from 1799 to 1845 underMadras Presidency of the British.[3] It continued to be a part of Thanjavur district in Independent India. In 1991, it was made the headquarters of the newly createdNagapattinam District. Nagapattinam is administered by a Special grade municipality covering an area of 17.92 km2 (6.92 sq mi) and had a population of 102,905 as of 2011.
A majority of the people of Nagapattinam are employed in sea-borne trading, fishing, agriculture and tourism.Kayarohanaswami Temple andSoundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam are the major Hindu pilgrimage sites. Nagapattinam is the base for tourism forSikkal,Velankanni,Poompuhar,Kodiakkarai,Vedaranyam, andTharangambadi. Roadways is the major mode of transport to Nagapattinam, while the city also has rail and sea transport.
Nagapattinam is derived fromNagar referring to people from Sri Lanka who settled here andpattinam referring to town.[3][4] It was also calledCholakulaVallipattinam during the period ofKulottunga I, named after one of his queens, when it was one of the important ports.[5]Ptolemy refers to Nagapattinam as Nikam and mentions it as one of the most important trade centres of theancient Tamil country.[3] This view is doubtful as there are no contemporary evidences to prove the existence of a metropolis in the name of "Nikama" or "Nikam".[6] Nagapattinam was referred by early writers and thePortuguese as "the city ofCoromandel".[3]Appar andTirugnanasambandar, the 7th-century saint poets refer to the city asNagai in their verses inTevaram. The town was originally called "Nagai" and the wordPattinam was attached during the Chola era when it emerged as an important port.[7]
There are urn burials in and around the city from the Sangam period indicating some level of human habitation. Except the mention in Ptolemy as 'Νίγαμα Μετρόπολις,' there are no direct references to Nagapattinam during the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE).[6] The neighbouring port,Kaveripoompattinam (modern day Poompuhar), was the capital of theChola kingdom of the Sangam Age, referred to widely in Tamil scriptures such asPaṭṭiṉappālai.[6]
TheSoundarajaperumal temple finds a mention in theBrahmanda Purana in the Utharkanda Gyana Yoga section. The temple is revered inNalayira Divya Prabandham, the 5th to 9th century CE[8] Vaishnava canon, byAlvars.[citation needed] It is considered one of the important temples visited by Thirumangai Alvar.[9] The Alvar has sung praise, imagining himself as a lady and Soundaraja as his lover. The temple is classified as aDivya Desam, one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.
The early works ofTevaram by the 7th-century poetsAppar andTirugnanasambandar mention the town had fortified walls, busy road building and a busy port.[10] The inscriptions from the Kayarohanswami temple indicate the construction was initiated during the reign of the Pallava king,Narasimha Pallava II (691–729 CE). A Buddhist pagoda was built under Chinese influence by the Pallava king and the town was frequented by Buddhist travelers.
In the 11th century CE,Chudamani Vihara, a Buddhist monastery, was built by the Sailendra king ofSrivijaya Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman with the patronage ofRaja Raja Chola.[1][11] It was namedChudamani orChulamani Vihara after king Sri Mara's father[2] As per the small Leyden grant this Vihara was called Rajaraja-perumpalli during the time ofKulottunga I.[12] Nagapattinam was the prominent port of Cholas for trade and a conquering gateway to the east.
In the early 16th century the Portuguese made commercial contacts with the town and established a commercial centre in 1554 CE. The Portuguese also conducted missionary enterprise here.[13] In 1658, the Dutch made an agreement with King Vijaya Nayakkar of Thanjavur on 5 January 1662, by which ten villages were transferred from the Portuguese to the Dutch – Nagapattinam Port, Puthur, Muttam, Poruvalancheri, Anthanappettai, Karureppankadu, AzhingiMangalam, Sangamangalam, Thiruthinamangalam, Manjakollai, Nariyankudi. Ten Christian churches and a hospital were built by the Dutch. They releasedPagoda coins with the name Nagapattinam engraved in Tamil. As per agreement between the first Maratha King,Ekoji Raje ofThanjavur, and the Dutch, Naagapattinam and surrounding villages were handed over to the Dutch on 30 December 1676. In 1690, the capital ofDutch Coromandel changed fromPulicat to Nagapattinam.[13]
This town fell into the hands of the British in 1781 after the two naval battles between British and French fleets were fought off the coast of Negapatam, as it was then known: thefirst in 1758 as part of theSeven Years' War and thesecond in 1782 as part of theFourth Anglo-Dutch War. The town wastaken by the British from the Dutch in 1781 (who had beenformally brought into the war in 1780).[14] When the Dutch and Britishreached a peace agreement in 1784, Nagapattinam was formally ceded to the British. 277 villages, with Nagore as the headquarters, were handed over to theEast India Company.[citation needed]
From 1799 to 1845 CE, Nagapttinam was the headquarters of Tanjore district.[3] Nagapattinam and Nagore were incorporated as a single municipality in 1866 CE.[3] The town remained one of the chief ports to theMadras Presidency. The port suffered decline after the inclusion ofTranquebar andTuticorin ports. After India's independence, Sirkazhi continued to be a part ofThanjavur district until 1991, and later became part of the newly created Nagapattinam district. Nagapattinam was severely affected by thetsunami which followed the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. It is well developed in the year 2016 where there are many Big textiles showroom (Krishna, Murasons etc.), Confectionery Houses (Mehala traders, Uma etc.), Schools, Colleges and Variety of fishes available in here.[15][16][17][18]
Nagapattinam lies at10°46′N79°50′E / 10.77°N 79.83°E /10.77; 79.83.[15] The town is bounded byBay of Bengal in the east, Uppanar river in the south,Thiruvarur district in the west,Thanjavur district in the north west andKaraikkal &Puducherry in the north.[15] The town lies in the sea level.[15] The municipality covers an area of 14.92 km2 (5.76 sq mi)[15] Nagapattinam is situated at a distance of 300 km (190 mi) fromChennai, 14 km (8.7 mi) fromKaraikal, 40 km (25 mi) fromMayiladuthurai, 40 km (25 mi) fromKumbakonam, 80 km (50 mi) fromThanjavur and 25 km (16 mi) fromThiruvarur.[15]
Nagapattinam lies on a plain terrain of alluvial soil consisting of sand, silt and clay. TheVettar River and the tributaries of riverCauvery are the major water bodies.Paddy is the major crop in the region, followed by groundnut,pulses,sugarcane, cotton and sesame.[15] The town is one of the cyclone-prone zones and was devastated during the2004 tsunami.[19] A very fine layer of high saline soil was deposited in the paddy fields.[20]
Nagapattinam has atropical savanna climate (KöppenAs) with a wet season from August to December due to thenortheast monsoon. The city receives an annual rainfall of 1,350 millimetres or 53 inches.[15] Proximity to the sea results in a high humidity throughout the year, which reaches 70% from August to May.[citation needed]
| Climate data for Nagapattinam (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.6 (96.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 41.7 (107.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | 39.8 (103.6) | 37.6 (99.7) | 35.0 (95.0) | 33.9 (93.0) | 42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.3 (97.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.5 (94.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 30.0 (86.0) | 29.2 (84.6) | 33.1 (91.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.9 (73.2) | 24.2 (75.6) | 26.5 (79.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.1 (77.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.0 (77.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.6 (60.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 15.6 (60.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 37.2 (1.46) | 13.0 (0.51) | 12.4 (0.49) | 32.0 (1.26) | 47.9 (1.89) | 38.8 (1.53) | 42.9 (1.69) | 81.1 (3.19) | 84.5 (3.33) | 250.9 (9.88) | 446.2 (17.57) | 262.1 (10.32) | 1,349.1 (53.11) |
| Average rainy days | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 9.5 | 13.4 | 8.3 | 52.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 72 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 69 | 64 | 63 | 66 | 71 | 76 | 81 | 78 | 71 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[21][22][23] | |||||||||||||
The2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was anunderseamegathrust earthquake that on 26 December 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast ofSumatra, Indonesia, which triggered a series of devastatingtsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.[24] Nagapattinam district was the most affected part in Tamil Nadu, accounting for 6,064 of the 8,009 casualties in the state.[25] A large number of the casualties were from the fishing community, who resided close to the seashore especiallyAkkaraipattai. The property losses impacted the fishing industry, as most of the boats were damaged by the inundation.[26] The immediate aftermath created a lull in tourism.[27]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 35,890 | — |
| 1911 | 42,586 | +18.7% |
| 1921 | 49,282 | +15.7% |
| 1931 | 55,978 | +13.6% |
| 1941 | 62,674 | +12.0% |
| 1951 | 69,370 | +10.7% |
| 1961 | 74,965 | +8.1% |
| 1981 | 80,560 | +7.5% |
| 1991 | 86,155 | +6.9% |
| 2001 | 93,148 | +8.1% |
| 2011 | 102,905 | +10.5% |
| Sources: | ||
According to2011 census, Nagapattinam had a population of 102,905 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[31] A total of 11,884 were under the age of six, constituting 6,089 males and 5,795 females.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 8.67% and 0.62% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 78.74%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[31] The town had 24688 households. There were 33,532 workers, comprising 209 cultivators, 320 main agricultural labourers, 605 in house hold industries, 29,875 other workers, 2,523 marginal workers, 35 marginal cultivators, 130 marginal agricultural labourers, 64 marginal workers in household industries and 2,294 other marginal workers.[30] As per the religious census of 2011, Nagapattinam had 71.4%Hindus, 24.79%Muslims, 3.68%Christians, 0.01%Sikhs, 0.02%Buddhists, 0.01%Jains and 0.08% following other religions.[32]
The decadal growth rate was higher during the decade ending in 1981, due to an increase in the town limits from 8.7 km2 (3.4 sq mi) to 14.95 km2 (5.77 sq mi).[33] The overall growth rate has declined over the period due to migration of people to other urban centres.[33] There are 40 slums in the town as of 2001, with an estimated 44% residing in these slums. Out of 40 slums, 14 were affected by the 2004 tsunami. With the help of grant schemes and tsunami assistance programmes, these were rebuilt to tsunami-proof houses.[34]
The main occupation of Nagapattinam is fishing in the waters ofBay of Bengal. The fish are sold in the daily and weekly fish markets in the town. There is a large number of ice factories for preserving the fish. The industry suffered a setback after the tsunami that struck the coast on 26 December 2004.[35]
There is limited agricultural activity, but much agricultural commerce is conducted in the town.[35] A majority of the people are employed in service industry, belonging to the tertiary sector.[35] The town is also the centre of retail provisions trading for the towns and villages surrounding Nagapattinam.[35]
Tourism is a major economic driver with the presence of heritage and historic points likeNagore,Velankanni,Sikkal,Kodikkarai,Vedaranyam,Mannargudi andTharangambadi.[35]
There is limited industrial activity – the major industries are household, tailoring, embroidery, plastic wire and metal manufacturing.[35]Cauvery Basin Refinery (Nagapattnam Refinery), a subsidiary ofChennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) is near Nagapattinam. Established in 1993, it is a major contributor to the economy of the town.[35] The development of industries is constrained by the town being linear and by the applicability of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) regulations[clarification needed] that prevent large-scale construction and industrial buildings.[35]
All majornationalised banks such asState Bank of India,Indian Bank,Central Bank of India,Punjab National Bank,Indian Overseas Bank and private banks likeICICI Bank,City Union Bank have branches in Nagapattinam.[36] All these banks have theirautomated teller machines located in various parts of the town.[36]
Nagapattinam municipality accommodates 104.539 km (64.958 mi) of roads; 27.328 km (16.981 mi) of cement roads, 72.993 km (45.356 mi) of bituminous roads, 1.2 km (0.75 mi) of WBM roads and 3.018 km (1.875 mi) of earthen roads.[37] Nagapattinam is connected by two national highways,NH 45A toVillupuram andNH 67 toCoimbatore andGundlupete inKarnataka state.[19] TheTamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates close to 175 daily bus services connecting various cities to Nagapattinam.[38] It also operates 25 town buses satisfying the local transport needs of Nagapattinam and the neighbouring villages.[38] TheState Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting Nagapattinam to a number of other cities.[38]
Great Southern of India Railway Company (GSIR) had its headquarters at Nagapattinam between 1861 and 1875. A broad gauge railway [BG] line was operated between Nagapattinam andTiruchirappalli Junction viaThiruvarur Junction,Thanjavur Junction between 1861 and 1875. During 1875 it was converted into a meter gauge (MG) line. The GSIR headquarters was shifted toTiruchirapalli during 1875. The railway workshop was at Negapatnam till 1929 and contributed to the growth of the town.[39] It was also moved to Golden rock [Ponmalai] during 1929.Nagapattinam Junction connectsThiruvarur Junction in the west,Nagore in the north andVelankanni in the south. There arepassenger trains toTiruchirappalli Junction,Thanjavur Junction,Mayiladuthurai Junction,Karaikal,Mannargudi andThiruthuraipoondi Junction.[40] There is a daily express train toChennai Egmore viaMayiladuthurai Junction andErnakulam Junction viaCoimbatore Junction (Tea Garden Express).Vasco da Gama toVelankanni Express that pass viaNagapattinam Junction.[40]
The port of Nagapattinam is in theBay of Bengal in the mouth of river Kuduvayyar.[41] Nagapattinam was the most important port of theChola empire. All the eastern naval expeditions ofRajendra Chola I (1012–44 CE) were through the port. The port was widely used by theDutch,Portuguese andBritish as one of the major ports of the Coramandel Coast for trading purposes.[41] Most of the principal exports to Sri Lanka from the port during the British period were rice, piece goods, livestock, cigars, tobacco and hides. The trade of Nagapattinam was mostly withSri Lanka, Straits Settlements,Burma and to a small extent to theUnited Kingdom andSpain.[42] The port also served passenger traffic toSingapore, but this was suspended due to a fire accident.[43] The modern day port has a commercial port complex and a dockyard that are protected by a river mouth sand bar facing the port.[44] The port handles only a limited amount of edible oil imports.[43] The Nagapttinam lighthouse is the first conventional 20-metre-high (66 ft) lighthouse tower, built inside the port premises by the British in 1869.[45] The port and the lighthouse are maintained by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board under the Government of India.[41]Thirukkuvalai Port is a deep-water multi-modal port.
The nearest airport isTiruchirapalli Airport, located 145 km (90 mi) away from the town.[46]
Tourism plays a key economic role for the town, even though fishing is the major occupation. Nagapttinam is a base for heritage and historic points like Nagore, Velankanni, Sikkal, Kodiyakkarai, Vedaranyam, Mannargudi and Tharangambadi.[citation needed]
Soundararajaperumal Temple is a Hindu temple in the town dedicated toVishnu. It is one of theDivya Desams, the 108 temples of Vishnu revered inNalayira Divya Prabandham by Thirumangai Alvar, one of the 12 poet saints calledAlvars belonging to the 6th–9th century.[47] Nagapattinam is base to some of the prominent Hindu temples likeSikkal Singaravelan Temple atSikkal,Vedaranyeswarar Temple at Vedaranyam, Ettukudi Murugan Temple andKoothanur Maha Saraswathi Temple.[48]
Kayarohanaswami Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated toShiva. The temple has been in existence from the 6th century CE and has been revered by the verses ofTevaram, the 7th–8th century Saiva canonical work byAppar,Campantar andSundarar.[47] The temple is one of the seven temples of the Thyagaraja cult, classified asSaptha Vidangam, where the presiding deity Thyagaraja is believed to portray different dance styles.[49] The temple is also known for the shrine of Neelayadakshi, the consort of Kayarohanaswami.[47]
Nagore Durgha, a 16th-century minaret located in Nagore, is one of the important pilgrimage centres of the town. Kanduri festival is a 14-day event celebrated for the annualurs (anniversary) of the saint Hajrath Shahul Hamid (1490–1579 CE), in honor of whom the minaret was built.[50] The festival is celebrated in commemoration of the anniversary of the saint's death, and pilgrims from various religions participate in the rituals and rites. The festival is also seen as a sacred exchange between Hindus and Muslims expressing solidarity of mixed faith in the region.[51] It is believed that 60 percent of the shrines were built by Hindus and historically the minaret garners many domestic and international visitors.[52] There are three other prominent mosques; one near Nagai Pudhur Road, one near the new bus stand, and another at Moolakadai Street.[47]
Velankanni is a pilgrimage centre located 10 km (6.2 mi) from Nagapattinam. The town is known for theBasilica of Our Lady of Good Health, a Roman Catholic church built during the 17th century. Pilgrimage to the basilica is common during September when people of many faiths, especially Hindus, Muslims and Christians of all denominations visit the basilica.[48] The town has four prominent churches; the Lourdhu Madha (Sindhathurai Madha) Church, the Madharasi Madha Church, T.E.L.C. Church and the Protestant Church.[47]
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St. Joseph's College, opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883, is one of the oldest higher educational institutions in India.[54] In 2012 Tamil Nadu Government started a separate fisheries universityTamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam. Nagapattinam has 12 elementary schools, 8 high schools and 7 higher secondary schools.[55] There are 1 Medical College, 3 arts and science colleges, 2 engineering college, 3 polytechnic colleges and one industrial training institute (ITI) in the town.[55]
The electricity supplied to the town is regulated and distributed by the Nagapattinam circle ofTamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).[56] The water supply is provided by the Nagapattinam Municipality, through borewells from Vettar river – the distribution is done through pumping stations located at Kurukathi, Andipalayam and Solomon Park.[57] About 55 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the town every day.[58] Nagapattinam municipality does not have an underground drainage system and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.[59] The storm water drainage system is made up of the natural river drainage and man-made storm water drains.[60]
Nagapattinam comes under the Nagapattinam telecom circle of theBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL providesbroadband internet service.[61] There are six government hospitals in the town, with the largest being the District Government Hospital.[62] There are 28 other private hospitals, clinics, and medical shops.[62]
Nagapattinam was declared a municipality in 1866 during British times.[15] It was promoted to a second grade municipality in 1986, selection grade in 1998.[16] From 1991, the municipal limits were expanded to include Nagore.[16] The municipality has 36 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[63] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and IT.[64] All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[64] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 36 members, one from each of the 36 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson R.Marimuthu, assisted by a deputy chairperson.[65] The town became the district headquarters when the Nagapattinam district was created as a separate district.
Nagapattinam comes under theNagapattinam assembly constituency and it elects a member to theTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly every five years.[66] From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won byDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) once during the 1996 elections,All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) twice during the 1991 and 2001 elections, andCommunist Party of India (Marxist) five times during the 1977, 1980, 1984, 1989 and 2006 elections.[67] The current MLA of the constituency is K. A. Jayapal, the minister for fisheries in theGovernment of Tamil Nadu.[68]
Nagapattinam is a part of theNagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency) — it has the following six assembly constituencies —Thiruvar,Nagapattinam,Thiruthuraipoondi,Vedaranyam,Kilvelur (SC) andNannilam.[69] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Dr. K. Gopal from the AIADMK party.[70] From 1957, the Nagapattinam parliament seat was held by theIndian National Congress for five times during 1957–1961,[71] 1962–67,[72] 1967–71,[73] 1991–96,[74] and 1996–98[75] elections. CPI won the seat for five times during 1971–77,[76] 1977–80,[77] 1989–91,[78] 1996–98[75] and 1998[79] elections. DMK won four times during 1980–84,[80] 1999–2004,[81] 2004–09[82] and 2009 elections.[83] AIADMK won the seat twice during the 1984–89 elections and 2014 elections.[84][70]
Law and order in the town in maintained by the Nagapattinam sub division of theTamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP).[85] There are three police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station.[86] There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[85]
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