Necmettin Erbakan | |
|---|---|
 Erbakan in 2006 | |
| 23rdPrime Minister of Turkey | |
| In office 28 June 1996 – 30 June 1997 | |
| President | Süleyman Demirel |
| Deputy | Tansu Çiller |
| Preceded by | Mesut Yılmaz |
| Succeeded by | Mesut Yılmaz |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey | |
| In office 21 July 1977 – 5 January 1978 serving alongsideAlparslan Türkeş | |
| Prime Minister | Süleyman Demirel |
| Preceded by | Orhan Eyüboğlu |
| Succeeded by | Orhan Eyüboğlu |
| In office 31 March 1975 – 21 June 1977 serving alongsideTurhan Feyzioğlu and Alparslan Türkeş | |
| Prime Minister | Süleyman Demirel |
| Preceded by | Zeyyat Baykara |
| Succeeded by | Orhan Eyüboğlu |
| In office 26 January 1974 – 17 November 1974 | |
| Prime Minister | Bülent Ecevit |
| Preceded by | Sadi Koçaş |
| Succeeded by | Zeyyat Baykara |
| Leader of the Felicity Party | |
| In office 17 October 2010 – 27 February 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Numan Kurtulmuş |
| Succeeded by | Mustafa Kamalak |
| In office 11 May 2003 – 30 January 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Recai Kutan |
| Succeeded by | Recai Kutan |
| Leader of the Welfare Party | |
| In office 11 October 1987 – 19 January 1998 | |
| Preceded by | Ahmet Tekdal |
| Succeeded by | Party abolished |
| Leader of the National Salvation Party | |
| In office 20 October 1973 – 12 September 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Süleyman Arif Emre |
| Succeeded by | Party abolished |
| Leader of the National Order Party | |
| In office 26 January 1970 – 20 May 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Party established |
| Succeeded by | Party abolished (Süleyman Arif Emre as leader of theNational Salvation Party) |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 6 November 1991 – 22 February 1998 | |
| Constituency | Konya (1991,1995) |
| In office 12 October 1969 – 12 September 1980 | |
| Constituency | Konya (1969,1973,1977) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1926-10-29)29 October 1926 |
| Died | 27 February 2011(2011-02-27) (aged 84) |
| Political party | National Order Party (1970–71) National Salvation Party (1972–1981) Welfare Party (1987–1998) Virtue Party (1998–2001) Felicity Party (2003–2011) |
| Spouse | |
| Children |
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| Education | Istanbul Erkek Lisesi |
| Alma mater | Istanbul Technical University (BS) RWTH Aachen University (PhD) |
| Signature |  |
Necmettin Erbakan (29 October 1926 – 27 February 2011) was a Turkish politician and political theorist who served as the 23rdprime minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He was pressured by themilitary to step down as prime minister and was later banned from politics by theConstitutional Court of Turkey for purportedly violating theseparation of religion and state as mandated by theconstitution.[1][2]
The political ideology and movement founded by Erbakan,Millî Görüş, argues thatTurkey can develop with its own power by protecting its religious values and moving forward with faster steps by rivaling theWestern countries in favor of closer relations to Muslim countries.[3] With the Millî Görüş ideology, Erbakan was the founder and leader of several prominent Islamic political parties inTurkey from the 1970s to the 2010s, namely theNational Order Party (MNP), theNational Salvation Party (MSP), theWelfare Party (RP), theVirtue Party (FP), and theFelicity Party (SP).
Erbakan was born inSinop, at the coast ofBlack Sea in northern Turkey.[4] His father was Mehmet Sabri, a judge from the prominent Kozanoğlu family ofCilicia and his mother Kamer was aCircassian from a known family in Sinop[5][6] and the second wife of Mehmet Sabri.[7] Erbakan's paternal uncle, Yusuf Ziya Özbakan, had become the mayor ofAdana from theKemalistCHP.[8]
After high school education inIstanbul High School, he graduated from the Mechanical Engineering Faculty at theIstanbul Technical University in 1948, and received aPhD degree in mechanical/engine engineering from theRWTH Aachen University.[4] While continuing his academic career in Germany, he worked in the R&D department at theDeutz AG factories. During this time, he also participated in a study on the engines of theLeopard tanks made for the German Army.[9] After returning to Turkey, Erbakan became lecturer at theTechnical University and was appointed professor in 1965 at the same university.[4] After working some time in leading positions in the industry, he switched over to politics, and was elected deputy ofKonya in 1969.[4] He was a member of theCommunity of İskenderpaşa, a Turkish sufistic community of theNaqshbanditariqah.[10]
One of the leading names in Turkish politics for decades, Erbakan was the leader of a series ofIslamic political parties that he founded or inspired. These parties rose to prominence only to be banned by Turkey'ssecular authorities. In the 1970s, Erbakan was chairman of theNational Salvation Party which, at its peak, served incoalition government with theRepublican People's Party of Prime MinisterBülent Ecevit during theCyprus crisis of 1974.
In the wake of the1980 military coup, Erbakan and his party were banned from politics.[4] He reemerged following a referendum to lift the ban in 1987 and became the leader of theWelfare Party.[4] His party benefited in the 1990s from the acrimony between the leaders of Turkey's two most prominent conservative parties,Mesut Yılmaz andTansu Çiller, leading his party to a surprise success in thegeneral elections of 1995.
Since the tensions between the military and the Islamists led to acivil war in Algeria, Erbakan said "Turkey will not turn into Algeria" in 1992[11] and 1997.[12] But on 10 May 1997 Welfare PartyŞanlıurfa MP İbrahim Halil Çelik threatened that "If you try to close theİmam Hatip schools, blood will be spilled. It would be worse than Algeria."[13] Erbakan and his associates developed ties with theIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) in Algeria and when Erbakan visited theAmerican Muslim Council in October 1994, he engaged with FIS representatives.[14]
After the short premiership of Mesut Yılmaz after the 1995 elections collapsed in 1996 due to a censure motion by the Welfare Party, Erbakan became the prime minister in coalition with Çiller'sTrue Path Party (DYP). As prime minister, he attempted to further Turkey's relations with the Arab nations.[4] In addition to trying to follow an economic welfare program, which was supposedly intended to increase welfare among Turkish citizens, the government tried to implement a multi-dimensional political approach to relations with the neighboring countries. The coalition government received criticism for Erbakan's foreign policy. When Erbakan went on an African tour, visiting Egypt, Nigeria, and Libya, his passiveness toward the Libyan leader,Muammar Gaddafi, angered even his own constituents back home. Erbakan appeared passive in the face of Gaddafi's reprimands that Turkey's Israel-friendly foreign policy was proof that the imperialists powers had placed it "under occupation" and that Turks had lost their "national will". Gaddafi also lambasted Turkey for its Kurdish policy during this joint press conference with Erbakan, greatly embarrassing the Turkish prime minister.[15] This public browbeating did not play well at home. Despite these reactions, Erbakan maintained his pro-Islamist foreign-policy focus, hewing to hisNational Outlook origins. He suggested an Islamic security organization to rivalNATO, as well as an Islamic currency called the dinar. Deeply alarmed, the military established an initiative called the "Western Working Group", tasked with monitoring the party's activities.[16]
Erbakan's image was damaged by his famous speech making fun of the nightly demonstrations against theSusurluk scandal. He was widely blamed at the time for his indifference. The Turkish military gradually increased the urgency[clarification needed] and frequency of its public warnings to Erbakan's government, eventuallyprompting Erbakan to step down in 1997. At the time there was a formalrotation deal between Erbakan and Tansu Çiller, the leaders of the coalition — Erbakan was to act as the prime minister for a certain period (a fixed amount of time, which was not publicized), then he would step down in favour of Çiller. However, Çiller's party was the third-largest in the parliament, and when Erbakan stepped down, PresidentSüleyman Demirel asked Mesut Yılmaz, leader of the second-largest party, to form a new government instead.[17][18][19]
In an unprecedented move, Erbakan's ruling Welfare Party was subsequently banned by the courts, which held that the party had an agenda to promoteIslamic fundamentalism in the state, and Erbakan was barred once again from active politics.[20] He had argued that a trulydemocratic country should not shut down a political party for its beliefs. He was tried and sentenced to two years and four months imprisonment in the so-calledLost Trillion Case, which involved the use of forged documents to prevent the return of Treasury grants in the amount of around one trillion old Turkish lira, $3.3MM in today's currency[when?], following the ban of the party in 1997.[21][22]
Despite often being under political ban, Erbakan nonetheless acted as a mentor and informal advisor to former Welfare Party members who founded theVirtue Party in 1997, among them being the future Turkish president,Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The Virtue Party was found unconstitutional in 2001 and forcibly banned; by that time, Erbakan's ban on political activities had ended, and he founded theFelicity Party, of which he was the leader in 2003–2004 and again from 2010[23] until his death.
Erbakan died on 27 February 2011 at 11:40 local time ofheart failure at Güven Hospital inÇankaya,Ankara.[24][25][26] His body was transferred to Istanbul, and following the religious funeral service at theFatih Mosque, the attending crowd accompanied his coffin the about 4 km (2.5 mi) way to theMerkezefendi Cemetery, where he was laid to rest beside his wife Nermin. He did not wish astate funeral, however his funeral was attended by highest state and government officials.[27]
Erbakan's ideology is set forth in amanifesto, entitledMillî Görüş (National View), which he published in 1969.[4] The organisation of the same name, which he founded and of which he was the leader, upholds nowadays that the word "national" is to be understood in the sense ofmonotheisticecumenism.[28][29] According toThe Economist, at his death Erbakan was acknowledged as a moderating force on Turkey's Islamists, and made Turkey as a possible model for the Arab world as well.[30]
His foreign policy had two main pillars:Pan-Islamism, and struggle againstZionism. He created "D-8" orThe Developing Eight, to achieve an economic and political unity among Muslim countries. It has eight members, including Turkey, Iran, Malaysia, Indonesia, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, andNigeria.
Although a rigorous Islamist and avid opposer of secularism, Erbakan developed a friendship withJean-Marie Le Pen, due to their shared belief that European and Islamic civilization were incompatible and their similar right-wing ideologies.[31][32]
From early 1996 until the middle of 1997, Erbakan was prime minister and the Welfare party ruled Turkey, its rural and religious style provoking a strong reaction from much of the metropolitan middle class and the military. In February 1997, the military sent tanks into an Islamist town near Ankara and issued a set of demands. Erbakan decided to step down and allow the junior partner in the coalition to lead the government. But he was wrongfooted when Demirel, now president of the republic, appointed the leader of a third party as prime minister.
Media related toNecmettin Erbakan at Wikimedia Commons| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey 28 January 1974 – 17 November 1974 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Zeyyat Baykara | Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey 31 March 1975 – 21 June 1977 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Turan Güneş Orhan Eyüboğlu | Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey 21 July 1977 – 5 January 1978 | Succeeded by Orhan Eyüboğlu |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Turkey 28 June 1996 – 30 June 1997 | Succeeded by Mesut Yılmaz |
| Party political offices | ||
| New political party | Leader of the National Order Party (MNP) 26 January 1970 – 20 May 1971 | Party banned |
| Preceded by | Leader of the National Salvation Party (MSP) 20 October 1973 – 12 September 1980 | Party banned |
| Preceded by | Leader of the Welfare Party (RP) 11 October 1987 – 16 January 1998 | Succeeded by Recai Kutan of theVirtue Party |
| Preceded by | Leader of the Felicity Party (SP) 11 May 2003 – 30 January 2004 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Leader of the Felicity Party (SP) 17 October 2010 – 27 February 2011 | Succeeded by |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by | President of theUnion of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey 25 May 1969 – 8 August 1969 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Academics | |
| People | |
| Other | |
