TheNeckar (German pronunciation:[ˈnɛkaʁ]ⓘ) is a 362-kilometre-long (225 mi) river in Germany, mainly flowing through the southwesternstate ofBaden-Württemberg, with a short section throughHesse. The Neckar is a major right tributary of theRhine. Rising in theSchwarzwald-Baar-Kreis nearSchwenningen in theSchwenninger Moos conservation area, at a height of 706 m (2,316 ft) above sea level, it passes throughRottweil,Rottenburg am Neckar,Kilchberg,Tübingen,Wernau,Nürtingen,Plochingen,Esslingen,Stuttgart,Ludwigsburg,Marbach,Heilbronn andHeidelberg, before discharging on average 145 m3/s (5,100 cu ft/s) of water into the Rhine atMannheim, at 95 m (312 ft) above sea level, making the Neckar its 4th largest tributary, and the 10th largest river in Germany. Since 1968, the Neckar has been navigable forcargo ships via 27 locks for about 200 kilometres (120 mi) upstream from Mannheim to the river port of Plochingen, at the confluence with theFils.[2]
The Neckar in southwest Germany flows from south to north, and joins theRhine at Mannheim.Schwenninger Bog, the source of the NeckarThe Neckar in Tübingen, between theNeckarinsel at the left and theNeckarfront of the old town at the rightThe Neckar nearNeckarsulm
Traditionally the fertile plains have been intensively used for agriculture and its steep valley sides asvineyards.
The Neckar was known to the Romans asNicarus, Nicer orNicerus[3], ultimately from the proto-indo-european *nei̯k meaning 'to rise'.[4] The grammatical gender of the name in German is masculine (der Neckar).[5]
Prior to theLandesgartenschau Villingen-Schwenningen 2010, the Neckar flowed mostly underground in the city center of Schwenningen. In order to protect the city from the more frequent flooding through overflow of the duct, the river received more space through a new, mostly open riverbed. This riverbed runs largely on the newly constructed horticultural show ground, which was used as the occasion for the remodeling.
Headwaters
Up to shortly beforeRottweil the Neckar is only a small rivulet on the Baar plateau. InDeißlingen-Lauffen it has its only, 4 meters (13 ft) high,waterfall which is drained today. Afterward, the Neckar joins with theEschach coming from the eastern slopes of theBlack Forest which is much more water bearing. Its main tributary Glasbach, which originates at the Brogen, ishydrographically seen as the main river of the Neckar river system.
With this junction above Rottweil the Neckar enters a narrow, wooded valley and for the next 80 km it bores its way towards north between the ranges of the Black Forest and theSwabian Jura. It has created two cut-off meander spurs at the Neckarburg which is spanned by the Neckarburgbrücke. Further down the river lies high above the river the old town ofOberndorf on aCalcareous sinter terrace, which fills one of the bowl-like side valleys. At Horb it turns from theGäu Plateau towards north east and then follows the western side of the Swabian Jura (Albtrauf). Near Weitingen the valley is traversed by the 127 m highNeckar Viaduct of the A 81. AtRottenburg it enters the wider valley of Tübingen. AfterTübingen the valley narrows again. From here onwards, the surrounding elevated grounds are considerably more densely populated.
Middle reaches
AtPlochingen the Neckar turns sharply north west at the "Neckarknie" (knee of the Neckar), the mouth of theFils coming down from the east, from the Swabian Jura. Beginning from here the river has been expanded into a canalised waterway. It lies up to Stuttgart in a wide, urbanized meadow, which has been built over with industry and is cut through by transportation structures. Only around theCannstatter valley bend for a short distance it is interspersed by large park areas. Here again the valley sides show limestone-sinter.Between Stuttgart and Lauffen the Neckar cuts a scenic, meandering, and in many places steep-sided, valley intofossiliferousTriassiclimestones andPleistocenetravertine. After Stuttgart it turns again towards the general northern direction. In a winding and narrow valley section through theLudwigsburg (district) theRems enters from the right atRemseck and then again from the right north ofMarbach theMurr. After passing theHessigheimer Felsengärten the water-richEnz enters from the left atBesigheim. The former rapid at theLauffener avulsion of the meander is today under water due to the canalization. In theLowlands aroundHeilbronn the Neckar runs again through a wide meadow. AtBad Friedrichshall it takes up within only two kilometers the other two of its large tributaries: First its water-richest tributary, theKocher and then the officially longest, theJagst, in total roughly doubling its discharge.
Lower reaches
BetweenBad Wimpfen with itsStauferpfalz andMosbach, the Neckar enters theOdenwald, where, again in a gorge-like valley, high, elevated, forested slopes line its riverside and especially on the right side, deeply cut valleys enter. At the last of his distinctive knees atEberbach it turns west, enters atHirschhorn for a short distance Hessian territory and is then up toNeckarsteinach on long parts the border between Baden-Württemberg and Hessen. AtNeckargemünd theElsenz enters from the left, its lower reaches using a part of the Neckar's formerMaurer river loop which extended far south. At the city ofHeidelberg, which borders in the north the Odenwald and at the south theKönigstuhl (Odenwald), the Neckar travels through a 400m deep valley between mountains. After passing the Heidelberger historic city, the river enters the wideUpper Rhine Plain and after about 25 kilometers, it enters the city of Mannheim roughly at its middle, where it enters theRhine from the right.
The largest tributaries of the Neckar are the Enz with the largest drainage area, theKocher with the highest average water drainage and the longest one, theJagst. The Kocher tributaryLein is at its end not only longer than the Kocher, but also more water-abundant. Therefore, according to hydrographic convention, the Lein would have to be regarded as the main river of the Kocher water system, making it with then 201 kilometers the longest tributary of the Neckar.
Mouth of the Eschach in RottweilMouth of the Starzel in BieringenMouth of the Steinlach in TübingenMouth of the Aich at Nürtingen-OberensingenMouth of the Körsch on the right near DeizisauThe last of the large tributaries and the overall longest is the Jagst nearBad Friedrichshall Jagstfeld.
Named from source to mouth. According to LUBW-BRSWEB, LUBW-FG10, LUBW-GEZG and TK25. Drainage area mostly according to LUBW-GEZG, else measured on the background map. Distances preferably according to the data sets of the LUBW-FG10, rarely measured on the background map. Named preferably according to TK25.
For a long time it flowed on the high plains of the differentGäu Plateaus created through the hard chalks of theMuschelkalk. At Horb the river was redirected to the northeast due to the rift structure of the so-calledSwabianLineament, which lies roughly parallel to the escarpment of theSwabian Jura. Following that the Neckar cut into the Muschelkalkplateau between Rottweil and Rottenburg as well as the youngerKeuper and Jura layers in the northeast, and created narrowwater gaps in the area of the morphologically hard chalks and sandstones.
Neckar mouth today
The river deepening was also caused by the further rise of the Black Forest as well as the retracting erosion of the attacking younger Neckar route. This younger Neckar route tapped the primal[clarification needed] Neckar system at Plochingen (hence theNeckarknie), which flowed through the primallone to the primalDanube. Another influence on this river area was theSchurwald, a dissectedcuesta of the filder rift, working as a river guideline.[clarification needed]
Today's lower reaches used to be those of the primalEnz. Until, through the erosive retraction of a tributary of the primal Enz near Besigheim, the Neckar river network was tapped.[clarification needed] That is how the Enz became a tributary of the Neckar.[6] Another trace of the former north western extent of the Danube river network is the Eschach running from north west to south east, hence towards the primal[clarification needed] Danube. With the retraction of the escarpment, it was tapped by a Neckar tributary and redirected by about 90° to the east. Considering river history,[clarification needed] it was never a headstream of the Neckar.
Until 2000 years ago the Neckar flowed through a pastureland in theOberrheinische Tiefebene in a tangle of meanders, slings,[clarification needed] old waters[clarification needed] and cut of arms between the Rhine in the west and the foot of the Odenwald in the east until it finally entered the Rhine only north ofDarmstadt atTrebur; roughly 50 km north of today's confluence in Mannheim. On large stretches you can still see it[clarification needed] on aerial photos.
In the 13th century, the confluence was south of Mannheim. A great flood changed the course of the Neckar in around 1275. Since then it has entered the Rhine north of the city. The last change here took place in connection with thestraightening of the Rhine by theFriesenheimer breakthrough west of today's Friesenheimer Island. Previously the Neckar entered the Rhine in the area of today'sindustrial port of Mannheim. Its new riverbed was also the reason for the relocation of the Neckar.[clarification needed] After the old Neckar was cut off in early 1869, it followed the path of the new Neckar breakthrough, which was finished[clarification needed] by 1880.[7]
Narrow and widening valleys alternate along the Neckar's course. The narrows are mostly deepenings into the Muschelkalk plateau and theBuntsandstein below. Widenings developed in the area of morphologically soft clay and marl. Wide valley meadows also developed through the strong backfilling with Aue clay since the start of settlement in theNeolithic and the accompanyingdeforestation andsoil erosion. In the area of the narrows themeander andcut-off meander spurs stand out. The meanders were formed through the primal Neckar, which sluggishly flowed through the almost evenMuschelkalk plateau, forming the basic structures during the deepening phases and cutting into the hard Muschelkalk. The best known cut-off meander spur is the one atLauffen; it cut through in historical times and created a waterfall (historic:Laufen). At the cutbanks one can find rocks, formed by the limestone of the upper Muschelkalk. For example, the rock gardens atHessigheim. They lie on the marls and clays of the middle Muschelkalks and can sag in whole stone packages, so-calledSchollen, down towards the Neckar. In the Odenwald narrowravines andgorges lead into the Neckar from both sides, as for example, the Wolfschlucht and the Margarethenschlucht.
View from the Hessigheimer rock gardens into the Neckar valleyStone terraces at theCannstatter Zuckerle, located on the Neckar slopes in StuttgartThe Neckar in Neckarsulm, in the background the coal power station of HeilbronnThe Neckar loop around theDilsberg castle, as seen from theHinterburgHeidelberg, theNeuenheim riverside with the neckar meadow and the Heiligenberg
Due to the risk of flooding the valley plains remained unsettled for a long time, but the nutritious and, due to its good structure, veryarable land was intensively used for agriculture, and to a large degree the valley plains are still used agriculturally today. The fertile soil allows the cultivation of lucrative specialty crops like vegetables orhops, for example, between Rottenburg and Tübingen.
Gravel pit quarrying in the valley plains takes away agricultural land, but created large lakes, nowadays used for recreational purposes. Theseborrow pits also became habitat for birds, amphibians and aquatic creatures. Such large borrow pits can be found for example nearKirchentellinsfurt and betweenFreiberg am Neckar andPleidelsheim. The gravel bodies of the Neckar have an additional role as water reservoir and are in many places used for drinking water production.[8] The paths usually went over the heights and only crossed the valleys where there were fords over the Neckar.
This changed with the onset ofindustrialisation in the 19th century. It brought fundamental conflicts regarding theland usage of the flat valley plain. Large even spaces became sought after for industrial sites. The Neckar was mostly straightened in order to prevent flooding and to gain areas for industrial buildings. The river itself was expanded over the course of centuries. With the development into a heavy shipping lane in the early 20th century, the last freely flowing parts between Plochingen and the mouth disappeared and the whole river in this part nowadays is characterized by dam areas. In the strongly textured Neckar area the valley became the only possibility for modern transportation infrastructure. Construction of railway lines and avenues in the valley plains changed the Neckar valley from a cultural to an industrial landscape.
One example is the densely populated and industrialised Neckar valley betweenPlochingen andBad Cannstatt, which harbors large companies such asDaimler AG (the maker ofMercedes Benz cars) andMahle GmbH and recreational facilities with large area consumption like theMHPArena, theHanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle or theCannstatter Wasen, the second-largest fair of Germany. The termWasen gives a clue, that there used to be a floodplain on which the fair was held. Distinctive points in the industrial landscape of the Neckar valley are the high chimneys of thecoal-fired power stationAltbach/Deizisau andHeilbronn as well as the assembly halls of the Daimler-engine plant in Untertürkheim and the Audi plant in Neckarsulm.
In contrast to the plains, the mostly steep slopes are often forested and in forestry use. The sun-exposed south-facing sites are frequently used for vineyards and are terraced with dry walls. There the local red wine grapesTrollinger,Schwarzriesling andLemberger are cultivated, which are also traditionally mostly drunk inWürttemberg. Especially the middle Neckar around Besigheim and Lauffen is characterized by in parts extremely steep vineyards, which can be cultivated only by hand.
The vine terrasses at the Neckar together with the drainage area of the tributaries deliver the largest part of the cultivation area of theWürttemberg wine region. The vineyards at the lower reaches from Heinsheim to Heidelberg are part of theBaden wine region. Until the end of the 19th century, vineyard cultivation was more extensive in the Neckar valley including unfavorable sites. Today these have been abandoned and gone fallow,reclaimed by wildlife. One example is the southern slopes of theSpitzberg above the Neckar near Tübingen.
The river's course provides a popular route forcyclists, especially during the summer months. The slopes of the Neckar are preferred areas for high-level residential areas because they allow wide, unobstructed views.
The diverse usage ofraw water andwaterway, as well for the production ofhydropower brought with it substantial interventions into theecological structure of the river. Multiple initiatives are advocated for theland restoration the Neckar, the ecological enhancement of the river network, the improvement of thewater quality, improvedflood control and the creation of attractive localrecreational areas alongside the river. Only recently[when?] within the frame of the nationwide campaign lively rivers and the initiativeLebendiger Neckar (German: lively Neckar), it was begun to free it from its partly-existing concrete corset. The river has in parts been redeveloped as a local recreational area and habitat for animals and plants. It still remains a symbol of endangered nature with the highest power plant density in Germany. At an oxygen content of below 4 mg/L power plant owners have to run specially designed turbines to inject air into the water. As of 2003, no mass die-off of fish due to lack of oxygen had occurred for 20 years.[9]
The Neckar valley functions as acold air basin, which means that under cloudless skies the heavier, cold, night air which develops on the sparsely vegetated plateaus and hills, flows into the basin and concentrates there. Especially during the cold season, such "cold lakes" can contribute to the creation of fog while all around on the plateaus the sun shines. Theorography of the Neckar valley facilitates such inversive weather conditions.
The Neckar valley is known for itswine cultivation climate and the cultivation ofTrollinger,Lemberger,Kerner,Müller-Thurgau amongst other locally grown grape varieties. Wine cultivation has receded over the 20th century and cultivation of the "Württemberger Wein" is mostly restricted to the south-facing slopes with high radiation gain in the Neckar valley and its side valleys, as wine cultivation is labor-intensive and in Württemberg competitive only in the best sites.
Various excavations of harbor installations and findings lead to the conclusion that the Neckar navigation already existed during the Roman Age in the first century. At this time, travel was concentrated on the lower Neckar. The main purpose of travel at this time was probably the transportation of construction material for the Limes and provisions. Later the Neckar navigation was probably restarted by the Franks.
Starting from 1100 the usage of the Neckar as a waterway withline boats andrafts has been attested. The river was already blocked by weirs in the surroundings of several cities during the High Middle Ages. In Heilbronn a harbour was mentioned for the first time in 1146. TheNeckar privilege granted by Holy Roman EmperorLouis IV in 1333 allowed the free imperial city the construction of a weir. After its construction, the continuous traffic on the river was blocked for several centuries, creating an annoyance for the neighbours. The permission of passage forraftsman therefore had to be determined contractually. In 1342, Württemberg, theMarkgrafschaft Baden, and the free imperial city signed an agreement to open the Neckar for rafts between Besigheim and Heilbronn. A treaty from 1476 between the free imperial city Esslingen, Württemberg and Austria fixed free rafting trade as well. The last raft went through Tübingen down the Neckar river on October 26, 1899.[10]
The wood from the easternNorthern Black Forest was shipped through the Neckar and then the Rhine up toHolland. Because of the developing seafaring, shipyards had a large demand for wood.Firewood from theSchurwald was also shipped on the Neckar, after being combined in rafts up to 260 meters long at Plochingen.
The Neckar gained importance as a waterway in the middle of the 16th century due to the beginning upper German trade. Despite many interventions in the river course in order to improve navigation, the river which had atowpath, was because of dangerous rapids and shallows only navigable for smallerbarges and this mostly only up to Heilbronn.
Making the upper Neckar navigable was then pushed ahead byChristoph, Duke of Württemberg who got the necessary permission from Emperor Karl V. in 1553. The city of Heilbronn still insisted on its rights so that the river was blocked at Heilbronn which meant that the upper Neckar and therefore Württemberg remained cut off from the navigation coming from the Rhine. All shipped goods were subject to Heilbronnerstaple right. In the late 16th century, Duke of Württemberg,Frederick I had plans for the navigation passage but discarded those in 1598 and instead planned to construct a württembergian trade port inKochendorf. – which was as unsuccessful as his successors plans to build one inUntereisesheim. During the times of need in the 17th century, the navigation was insignificant.
Stift Neuburg und das Neckartal, Ernst Fries, around 1830
Immediately above Mannheim interventions were necessary due to regular floods. After 1622, smaller corrections were made at the back then-existing Neckar loops betweenMannheims Feudenheim and today's Friedrich-Ebert-Bridge. Floods still occurred and threatened the city, lastly in 1784 and 1789. The situation was alleviated through the straightening of the river bed by means of for breakthroughs in combination with the lowering of the river bed as well as fortifications and dams.[11]
After consolidation of the situation in the 18th century, electoral palatinate market ships regularly travelled on the lower Neckar river. On the upper Neckar boats regularly travelled between Heilbronn and Cannstatt for several years around 1720; the expansion of the navigation to the Württembergian Plochingen further up the river failed due to the free imperial city ofEsslingen. While the electoral palatinate shipping on the lower Neckar was quite successful, the shipping on the upper Neckar was soon stopped again as the river was not suitably enough expanded for a navigation and moreover no funding was available for the further upgrading. Württemberg and the Electoral Palatinate signed a trade agreement in order to start up the Neckar navigation between Mannheim and Cannstatt during a time of economical rise in the late 18th century. In 1782 the previous two and the free imperial city of Heilbronn agreed upon facilitations in the Neckar trade but which were only of administrative nature. The Neckar still remained blocked at the weir in Heilbronn.
TheNapoleonic times around 1800 brought a downfall to the Neckar navigation. On the one hand – because most parts of the lower Neckar area had fallen toBaden and the free imperial cities of Heilbronn and Esslingen toWürttemberg – the many disputes and obstructions of the former small states did not hamper the trade anymore. But during theContinental System the navigation was restricted and ships and material were confiscated. The introduction of the Mannheimer Stapels ("Mannheim stable") in 1808 meant that the merchants of Mannheim gained control over almost all Neckar trade. During theGerman Campaign of 1813 only small ships travelled on the Neckar, mainly military transports. TheCongress of Vienna demanded the freedom of traffic on the Neckar and Rhine rivers in 1814/1815.
Continuous navigability with the Wilhelmskanal in 1821
Mouth of the Heilbronner Wilhelmskanal (right) into the side arm Heilbronn (old neckar) (left). The canal made the Neckar continuously navigable in 1821. The lock with the bridge is from 1884.
The 550-meter-long Wilhelmskanal ("Wilhelms canal") was constructed in Heilbronn from 1819 to 1821. The reason was the bypassing of the entire weir area and many mills. After further river construction measures, the Neckar became navigable all the way between the Rhine andCannstatt. Alock gate at the upper end of the canal could turn it during floods into a port of refuge which was, already in 1829, expanded into a port of transshipment. In 1827 the Mannheimer Stapel was lifted through which the Neckar navigators gained back free access to the Rhine river. TheRheinschiffahrtsakte ("Mannheim Act") from 1831 and in consequence of it theNeckarschiffahrtsordnung ("Neckar navigation regulations") from 1832 brought, through simplified regulations and tariffs a significant rise for the navigation. But because of its shallows and rapids the river was considered one of the most dangerous in Germany. In 1836 theNeckarschiffergilde ("Neckar shipping guild") was dissolved, which had since 1810 tried to gain a monopoly on the Neckar trade. With the ratification of theNeckarschiffahrtsordnung in 1842 all Guilds were dissolved and thereby economic freedom created.
From 1841/42 onwards the Heilbronn-basedNeckar-Dampfschifffahrt introduced a regular passenger and general cargo transport from Heilbronn to Mannheim. Despite the usage of modern steam ships, horses still pulled the heavy barges on the towpath upriver. The reason was that the steam ships were not yet strong enough herefore.
The competition of rail transport made steam ships as well as towing barges gradually uneconomic in the second half of the 19th century. Rafting on the other hand kept its importance, but adapted to the age of the railroad. Because trunks from the Black forest did more and more go by train to Heilbronn and only from there continued their trip on the water, a new rafting harbour was constructed in Heilbronn in 1875. Above Esslingen the rafting was only of little importance. The last raft passed the city on 28. Oktober 1899.
A new recovery for the Neckar navigation came with thechain boat navigation begun in 1878. Despite the construction of a railroad line along the Neckar. Between Mannheim and Heilbronn steam towboats with attached barges were now able to pull themselves upriver on a 115 km long chain which had been put into the river. Through that, the trip between Mannheim and Heilbronn was shortened to two to three days. On the horse drawn ships it had previously taken five to eight days. But often the water depth was not deep enough. The vernacular name for the chain boats was Neckaresel ("Neckar donkey"). The lastchain boat navigation was still done 1933 – 1935 between Neckargerach and the barrage Kochendorf.
The motorizedcargo navigation began on the Neckar in 1925. The first motor cargo ship on the river was ordered by the brothers Ludwig (1887–1955) and Jakob Götz (1890–1977) already in 1924 at theAnderssen Werft ("Anderssen shipyard"). It was put into service in 1925 and christened "Gebrüder Götz".[12][13] The motor cargo ship was operated by the shipping company drove for the shipping company Ludwig und Jakob Götz, founded in 1920. One of the best knownshipping companies on the Neckar,[14] which was also involved in the upgrading of the river to a heavy shipping waterway.[15]
In 1946 the first transportation order forcoal after theSecond World War on the Neckar was awarded and shipped by Johann Friedrich Boßler with his motor cargo ship Elisabeth.[16]
Upgrading to a heavy shipping waterway between 1921 and 1968
Neckar-Staustufe Hirschhorn with weir and double barrage
In order to provide the rising industrial area around Stuttgart a waterway connection for fully rigged ships, first plannings for channelling of the Neckar between Mannheim and Plochingen began already in 1904. The goal was to be mostly independent from natural impacts as for example low waters or floating ice. With the Württembergian sideOtto Konz (1875–1965) was assigned who remained connected to the Neckar upgrading the rest of his life. A memorandum from 1910 allowed for ships up to 1000 tons, according to plans from 1919 the transportation was planned for the 1200-t-ship.
Because the Neckar was earmarked as a Reichswasserstraße (literally:"realm waterway") in the Weimar Constitution in 1919 (officially from 1. April 1921), Neckarbaudirektion (literally: "Neckar construction department") was introduced in 1920 whose head Otto Konz became. The department was directly subordinated to the German Reich (often called "Weimar Republic"). In 1921 the German Reich, the Neckar adjoining states Württemberg, Baden and Hessen agreed in a state treaty the upgrading of the Neckar to a heavy shipping waterway. In order to finance the construction project they founded the Neckar AG with a construction loan from the German Reich, the three States and several municipalities in the same year. As compensation the AG received the right to use the simultaneously expanded hydropower until 2034 and to redeem the construction loan with the profits; this right transferred to the Federal Republic of Germany. As chairman of the Neckar AG were electedOtto Hirsch from the Württembergian ministry of internal affairs and Otto Konz. In consideration of the world famous cityscape of Heidelberg and in order to bring the further barrages in unison with nature and landscape, the architect Paul Bonatz worked for the project (1877–1956).
Construction began immediately along the entire distance in 1921. Along a stretch of 113 km length the first eleven barrages between Mannheim and the new canal harbour in Heilbronn were finished in 1935. This canal harbour became later through the further expansion the barrage channel Heilbronn.
Navigation on the Neckar nearBad Wimpfen in 1988 with thepassenger ship Neckarbummler of the Personenschifffahrt Stumpf
The expansion of the Neckar to a heavy shipping waterway lead to ashipbuilding industry exclusively for the passenger traffic on the river.[17] Already in 1926 the brothers Georg (1881–1946) and Andreas Boßler (1884–1961) founded thePersonenschiffahrt Gebr. Bossler, which makes the Gebrüder Bossler pioneers for passenger navigation on the Neckar.[18][17]
While the river was upgraded and the barrages constructed, theNeckar-Enz-Stellung, a defensive fortification against enemies approaching from the West was constructed between 1935 and 1938. It was based betweenEberbach andBesigheim on the natural obstacle of the Neckar river and from thereon followed theEnz upriver up toEnzweihingen.
Upgrading works were begun near Plochingen at the upper end of the intended waterway and plans existed to make theFils between Plochingen andGöppingen navigable. The area for a harbour in Göppingen remained reserved in spatial planning until 1978. The construction chairman Konz also ordered the planning of a tunnel through theSwabian Jura for a waterwayUlm at the Danube in order to create a waterway between upper Rhine and upper Danube, as the State treaty from 1921 had planned. But those plans were dropped from 1968 onwards.
After 1935 the upgrading slowed down. Until 1943 only six barrages above Heilbronn were constructed, but without locks. Hirsch was forced out of office and murdered in the KZ Mauthausen in 1941. Konz went into provisional retirement because of national socialist repressions. The constructions were mostly stopped during the second world war. Only in 1948 the barrage construction above Heilbronn was continued, until 1952 again led by Otto Konz. The section up to Stuttgart was finished in 1958 and Stuttgart harbour was opened by the president Theodor Heuß together with Otto Konz. With the opening of the Plochingen harbour in 1968 the expansion goal for the Neckar was reached after 47 years of construction. The river was dammed up at 27 locks and thereby had become a heavy shipping waterway from Mannheim to Plochingen.
Every barrage consists of a weir with two to six openings and different gates, a double lock and a remote-controlled hydropower plant next to each other. At seven barrages, where a larger damming up was not possible due to the landscape, a parallel barrage and hydropower canal varying in length from 1.5 to 7.5 km has been constructed. At two further barrages a breakthrough exists which cuts of a river bend. In total only 17% of the entire distance from the Rhine up to the mouth of the Rems lie in an artificial waterbed, which means the river character dominates. On the last 32 km of the waterway in the area of the less water carrying upper river which is at the same time heavily used economically, almost the entire river bed had to be constructed artificially.
Neckar river course near Stuttgart-Untertürkheim through heavily industrialized area
Neckar at Stuttgart-Untertürkheim through heavily industrialized areaThe Neckar (Ne) is being administered after taking over step-by-step from the Neckar AG since 1970 from Mannheim to Plochingen as aBundeswasserstraße (literally "federal waterway") by the water- and navigation officesStuttgart andHeidelberg. The Federal Republic is owner of the waterway. Sport boats including paddle and rowing boats are subject to the Binnenschifffahrtsstraßen-Ordnung, valid on the Neckar which for example defines the need of identification and the rules for the right of way. 159 water abstraction points and 628 water intakes show the heavy water economical usage.
On the Neckar, which is nowadays classified as a "Wasserstraße des Typs Va" (waterway Type Va) from km 201.5 at Plochingen to its mouth (km 0), 7332 river boats transported in 2012 7.5 million tons. The largest parts of these tons were made up of construction material (1,9 Millionen t) and coal (1,6 Millionen t) as well as salt (1,3 Millionen t). 21.000TEU Containers were transported.[19] Leisure ships run by various companies travel on the river for tourists. On the upper Neckar the passenger navigation is handled by the companyNeckar-Käpt'n.
Stuttgart's NeckarhafenHeilbronn canal port with shipping traffic by the freight motor shipsWolfgang Krieger andHeiner Krieger of the shipping companyGebr. Krieger
On December 8, 1954, theNeckarhafen Plochingen GmbH was founded. From 1960 until 1963 the last barrage was constructed nearDeizisau. The construction of theNeckarhafen Plochingen started on April 29, 1964. The first ship landed in Plochingen on July 12, 1968, after it had been blessed with the name "Plochingen" by Gertrud Hartung, the mayor's wife. In the harbour 15 companies generated an annual revenue of about 500 to 600 million euro in 2004.
TheNeckarhafen Stuttgart was constructed in two steps, from 1954 until 1958 and from 1966 until 1968. The harbour area covers a total area of 100 ha. The three basins including the federal waterway have a water surface of 30,7 ha.
The Heilbronn harbour with a total factory area of 78 ha and a quay length of 7,2 km based on the turnover the 7th largest inland harbour in Germany (2010) and the largest of the Neckar. Over 50% of the Neckar turnover is done here. In total about 4 million tons per year. About 60% of the turnover aredomestic trade, the rest are international goods and commodities. Additionally to commodities and construction material (coal,Salt) grain, iron, steel and timber are loaded.
The Mannheim harbour is one of the most important inland harbours in Europe and the second-largest in Germany. The harbour has a total water surface of 267,9 ha, additionally there is 863,5 ha land area. About 500 companies with 20.000 employees have settled in the harbour area. In 1968 the firstContainer-Terminal in an inland harbour was opened here. Furthermore, aRoRo-facility and since 1991 acombined transport terminal. On the water side 7.64 million tons of goods were turned over in 2010.[20] The largest stakes have bituminous coal 2.2 million t, food- and fodder with 0.92 million t and chemical goods with 1.59 million t. At the container terminal on the water side 120.568 units were turned over.[21]
The harbour basin spreads out around the mouth of the Neckar along the Rhine and Neckar. The overall complex includes theLudwigshafener Rheinhafen, which is situated directly on the opposite side of the Rhine river.
The maximum size of the river boats driving on the Neckar is limited by the locks of the 27 barrages. Those are in general 110 m long and 12 m wide; the allowed dimensions are therefore 105 m x 11.45 m. Since 1952 almost every Barrage got a second lock. 23 of those locks use almost 50% of the water of one chamber to fill the other empty chamber in order to save water (so-calledtwin locks). In order to prevent jams at the mouth of the Neckar, the first barrageFeudenheim received a further lock in 1973 (190 m × 12 m). The barrages have an average distance of 7 km between each other (between 0.9 and 13.7 km, see table) and are used to cover the difference in altitude of 160.70 m to the Rhine at low water. The waterway depth is since 2000 continuously 3.80 m. This means that the Stuttgart harbour can be reached by the large motor ships of the Rhine, which have a draft of 2.6 m and a loading capacity of 2200 t. In the coming years it is planned to refurbish the locks and partly extend them. In total the federal government invests 575 Million Euro for this project. For its execution, theAmt für Neckarausbau Heidelberg was founded in 2007. In order to make the Neckar navigable for 135 m long ships, one of each dual lock chamber is going to be lengthened. Furthermore, the old chambers are going to be refurbished and certain sections and turn around spots expanded. The barrages between Mannheim and Heilbronn are supposed to be lengthened until 2026.[22] The Gundelsheim lock received the title "most water sport friendly lock" in 2012.
Table of the locks at the Neckar with river kilometers and aimed stowage height in meters above Normalnull (NN) and difference in level (de) in meters.[23]
In contrast to other waterways as for example theMosel orMain there are no boat locks except for Bad Cannstatt. Therefore, yachts and sailing boats are normally locked in the river boat locks. The rails installed at the other 26 barrages to pull boats from one side to the other are often in a bad condition or even unusable. In some places canoes can, if allowed by the locks staff, use the lock as well. This is especially used on group trips.
Since 2004 the remote control center in Stuttgart-Obertürkheim (Fernbedienzentrale, FBZ) controls all locks from Deizisau to Stuttgart-Hofen on the upper Neckar.
Crucial for the professional and recreational navigation on the Neckar are its stream gauges. According to the Hochwassermeldeordnung (HMO, flood report regulation) of the State Baden-Württemberg the followingHochwassermeldehöhen are valid at thestream gauge:
The gauge in Plochingen (since 1905) was the only gauge at the waterway that lay in free descent. In 1962 the moveable barrage in Deizisau was constructed. In order to keep water level differences caused by the barrage, a ridge was constructed about 100 m below the Plochingen street bridge and moved the gauge there. The large flood in February 1970 destroyed the ridge made of stones. Because the costs for a new ridge made out of concrete seemed to be too high, a more economic solution was found. Out of the stream gauges and discharge of the gauges in Wendlingen (Neckar-km 206,5 – for the upper Neckar) and Reichenbach (Fils-km 2,5 – for the Fils) water gauges and discharges are algorithmically calculated and published.
Flood
1824: The most serious flood in the Neckar area happened in October 1824. Estimates conclude for a HQ4000, that means areturn period of 4000 years.[30]
A study has been done to clustering simultaneous occurrences of the Extreme Floods in the Neckar Catchment and the results shows the Neckar catchment has been divided into three major clusters. The first cluster mainly covers the western part and is bounded by the Black Forest and Swabian Alps. The second cluster is mostly located in the eastern part of the upper Neckar. The third cluster contains the remaining lowland areas of the Neckar basin[31]
1709: From January 18 until January 28 and from January 31 until February 13 as well as shortly after February 13 until March 23 the Neckar was frozen up.[32]
InGundelsheim the building of theAlten Neckarmühle (old Neckar mill) dates back to 1604. The milling was stopped following the Neckar regulation. The last miller was Meister Batz around 1935/36. There is no equipment in place anymore, for a time it was used gastronomically. Worth seeing are a large stone with a coat of arms and old inscriptions.[33]
At least since the early 20th century, power stations replaced the historical mills. Since then the Neckar has been used for commercial electricity production through hydroelectric power. Several transregionally known hydro plants can be found at the Neckar:
In Horb the construction of a hydroelectric plant was begun at the island front at the level of the Schillerstraße in February 2010. It started producing electricity on April 13, 2011. The hydroelectric plant is expected to produce 2.3 kWh yearly in the future – enough in order to supply about 600 four-person households with electricity. Together with the already existing, refurbished facilities it has an average total power of 437 kW. The total investments were about 5.5 million Euro.[34]
Kombiniertes Wasser –a coal-fired power station in Kiebingen 1910
InKiebingen theRottenburger clock factoryJunghans did run since 1903 theirown power plant, which still produces electricity today. For the clock factory the plant run by water and steam was over-dimensioned, therefore the overproduction was sold. Today the historic powerhouse is under monumental protection. Despite its age, the power plant is a very modern plant with three characteristics: The turbines have an innovative scoop shape which has been developed with computer simulations, special Thordon-Turbine bearings and inflatable rubber dam. A fish pass recreates since the modernization the pervasiveness for fish migration at the weir.[35]
Thehydroelectric plant Tübingen-Hirschau is located between Hirschau and Tübingen as well as theWasserkraftwerk Rappenberghalde which was constructed in 1930. It was refurbished in 1999 and today the two Kaplan turbines produce together with the residual water turbine at the weir upstream in Hirschau 7 million kWh electricity per year. More than 22 cubic metres of water per second flow through a 1.7 km long supply canal to the plant. The plant uses the incline of the Neckar of 7.5 meters.[36]
Tübingen
TheWasserkraftwerk Neckarwerk inTübingen was constructed together with the weir within the frame of the Neckar regulation as one of the firstroller dams in Germany in 1910/1911. It is used for electricity generation as well as control of the river. Through the weir the water level of the Neckar in Tübingen center is managed. Before the construction of the weir the Neckar was full of gravel banks and hat a very flat waterfront. This can be seen on many photographs and drawings prior to the construction. Moreover, floods, which now and then flooded the few buildings in Wöhrd and sometimes threatened the Neckar bridge, have been eliminated with this weir and the other weirs (e.g. in Rottenburg). For fish a fish ladder has been constructed later on. The pedestrian bridge over the weir is an important connection of the two waterfronts between Lustnau and the central Eberhards or Neckar bridge. It also provides a nice view of Neckar, the historic city center, abbey church and castle.[37]
The Oberesslingen power plant
TheKraftwerk Oberesslingen is arun-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant between two Neckar islands at river kilometer 195.6 inOberesslingen. The plant was constructed in 1929 during the upgrading to a heavy waterway according to a design made by the architectPaul Bonatz. It has a capacity of 2.1 MW and delivers per year about 12.3GWh energy. The average flow is 45cubic meters per second.
In Esslingen a newrun-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant has been constructed on the Hechtkopf. With a capacity of 1.25 MW and a yearly electricity production of 7.1 GWh, 4000 people can be supplied with electricity. With the construction of this new power plant the last of the barrages on the Neckar has been equipped with turbines. It is framed by a weir in the Neckar on one side and the historical bridge house over the Hammerkanal (hammer canal) on the other side.[35]
Thehydropower plant Heilbronn lies on the old Neckar in the city center and not on the canal. Therefore, no lock exists here.
Weir footbridge over the Neckar at the Wieblingen weir in Heidelberg (built 1925)
At the Heidelberger Karlstor is another barrage with locks; the corresponding power plant is the only underwater hydropower plant on the Neckar. The construction permission Neckar AG 1994 received in 1994 had a number of requirements. Neither were visible changes at the weir that is under monumental protection, nor should the new power plant change the historic cityscape of Heidelberg. The technical solution was a power plant embedded invisibly under the riverbed.[35]
At the weir inHeidelberg the weir bridge connects the city districts Wieblingen and Neuenheim.
Additionally, the Neckar is and has been a cooling water supply for coal and nuclear power plants. NearEsslingen-Zell the Neckar cools theAltbach Power Station, one of the most modern bituminous coal power plants in Europe. It consists of two blocks and is located in the area of the two municipalitiesAltbach andDeizisau. With its gas turbines and the combination block 4, it can produce a maximum of about 1270 MW of electrical power.
The ladder is amongst the best known historic bridges. It already existed in the High Middle Ages and was erected in today's form in 1788. Further historic Neckar bridges are theNeckarbrücke in Lauffen am Neckar, in the core dating back to 1532, the Neckar bridge in Sulz constructed in 1742, the Pliensaubrücke, the Alte Agnesbrücke (old Agnes bridge) and the Ulrichsbrücke in Köngen. The oldest still remaining Neckar bridge is theInnere Brücke inEsslingen. The 230-meter-long construction was built in the 13th century and consists of eleven stone arches.[38]
TheNeckartalbrücke Heilbronn is with 1348 meter the longest Neckarbridge. The prestressed concrete construction built in 1967 is ailing and since early 2018 being replaced by a new bridge.[39]
InNeckargröningen the 85-meter longest free spanning wooden pedestrian bridge was created in 1990. The unusual structure has a triangle profile.[40] Die älteste Spannbeton-Eisenbahnbrücke Deutschlands – erbaut 1957 – steht in Heilbronn.[41]
In 1905, there were already 119 bridges over the Neckar, of which, with a total length of 230 meters, the longest was theNeckargartacher Neckarbrücke built between 1903 and 1905. In 1985 the heavy waterway was crossed by 159 railroad, street and pedestrian bridges and also by 126 overhead power lines and 67Düker. In total, there are about 400 Neckar bridges of various sizes, half of them on the upper and half on the middle and lower reaches. <!—counted on the OpenStreetMap-Map -->
Germany, in the summer, is the perfection of the beautiful, but nobody has understood, and realized, and enjoyed the utmost possibilities of this soft and peaceful beauty unless he has voyaged down the Neckar on a raft.
The Neckar is mentioned prominently inGustav Mahler's 1893 "Rheinlegendchen" ('Little Rhine Legend'), first published in 1899 in a cycle of 12 songs under the titleHumoresken ('Humoresques'), today known as one of Mahler'sSongs from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Songs fromThe Youth's Magic Horn).[43]
Helmut Betz:Historisches vom Strom Band. V –Die Neckarschiffahrt vom Treidelkahn zum Groß-Motorschiff, Krüpfganz, Duisburg 1989,ISBN3-924999-04-X
Wolf-Ingo Seidelmann (1988),Der Neckar-Donau-Kanal. 200 Jahre Planung für eine Wasserstrasse quer über die Alb, Beiträge zur südwestdeutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 6 (in German), St. Katharinen: Scripta-Mercaturae-Verlag,ISBN3-922661-41-6
Andrea Wehr (Hrsg.):Neckar-Lesebuch. Geschichten und Gedichte dem Neckar entlang. Silberburg, Tübingen und Stuttgart 1994,ISBN3-87407-198-7.
Willi Zimmermann:Heilbronn und sein Neckar im Lauf der Geschichte. In:Historischer Verein Heilbronn. 21. Veröffentlichung, Heilbronn 1954.
Südwestdeutscher Kanalverein für Rhein, Donau und Neckar:Neckarkanal 1935, Verlag Julius Hoffmann ca. 1935, Broschur ca. 21 cm × 21 cm, 109 Seiten.
Martin Eckoldt:Zur Gewässerkunde des kanalisierten Neckars, Mitteilung Nr. 62, Koblenz, 1955, Hrsg.Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Koblenz.
Behrendt:Hydrologie am Neckar, aus Zeitschrift für Binnenschifffahrt und Wasserstrassen Nr. 9, 1973.
M. Eckoldt (Hrsg.):Flüsse und Kanäle. Die Geschichte der deutschen Wasserstraßen. DSV-Verlag 1998
Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Südwest:Kompendium der Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Südwest. Organisatorische und technische Daten, Binnenschifffahrt, Aufgaben, Wasserstraßen. Eigenverlag, Mainz Juni 2007
^Helmut Betz (1989),Historisches vom Strom – Die Neckarschiffahrt vom Treidelkahn zum Groß-Motorschiff (in German), vol. Band V (1. Auflage ed.), Duisburg: Krüpfganz, pp. 27, 75,ISBN3-924999-04-X
^Herbert Komarek (2003), Schifferverein Neckarsteinach e. V. (ed.),Neckarsteinach 850 Jahre Schiffahrt im Wandel der Zeit (in German) (1. Auflage ed.), Gudensberg-Gleichen:Wartberg Verlag, pp. 34, 41, 60,ISBN3-8313-1321-0
^Heide Ringhand (1992),Die Binnenschiffahrt. Fliessende Strassen – Lebendige Ströme (in German), Velbert-Neviges: BeRing Verlag, p. 86,ISBN3-925636-16-1
^Helmut Betz (1989),Historisches vom Strom – Die Neckarschiffahrt vom Treidelkahn zum Groß-Motorschiff (in German), vol. Band V (1. Auflage ed.), Duisburg: Krüpfganz, p. 75,ISBN3-924999-04-X
^Herbert Komarek (2003), Schifferverein Neckarsteinach e. V. (ed.),Neckarsteinach 850 Jahre Schiffahrt im Wandel der Zeit (in German) (1. Auflage ed.), Gudensberg-Gleichen: Wartberg Verlag, p. 73,ISBN3-8313-1321-0
^abHelmut Betz (1989),Historisches vom Strom – Die Neckarschiffahrt vom Treidelkahn zum Groß-Motorschiff (in German), vol. Band V (1. Auflage ed.), Duisburg: Krüpfganz, p. 142,ISBN3-924999-04-X
^Herbert Komarek (2003), Schifferverein Neckarsteinach e. V. (ed.),Neckarsteinach 850 Jahre Schiffahrt im Wandel der Zeit (in German) (1. Auflage ed.), Gudensberg-Gleichen: Wartberg Verlag, p. 54,ISBN3-8313-1321-0
^Katrin Bürger, Paul Dostel, Jochen Seidel, Florian Imbery, Mariano Barriendos, Helmut Mayer,Rüdiger Glaser:Hydrometeorological reconstruction of the 1824 flood event in the Neckar River basin (southwest Germany). In:Hydrological Sciences – Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques, 51(5), Oktober 2006, Special issue:Historical Hydrology, S. 864–877 (Artikel, pdf, researchgate.net). vergl. auch Jochen Seidel, Paul Dostal, Florian Imbery:Analysis of Historical River Floods – A Contribution Towards Modern Flood Risk Management. Kapitel 12 in: Jan Emblemsvåg (Berab.):Risk Management for the Future – Theory and Cases, April 2012,ISBN978-953-510-571-8, S. 275–294 (Artikel, pdfArchived 2021-01-25 at theWayback Machine, intechopen.com).
^Ehsan Modiri, András Bárdossy:Clustering Simultaneous Occurrences of the Extreme Floods in the Neckar Catchment. In:Water,13(4), 399, February 2021,doi:10.3390/w13040399
^Karlheinz Götz:„Kaltluftwalze an Dreikönig 1709“. In: Unser Land. Heimatkalender für Neckartal, Odenwald, Bauland und Kraichgau. 2015.Verlag Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung GmbH, Heidelberg 2014,ISBN978-3-936866-57-5, S. 123–126.
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