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Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

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Ancient Egyptian dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period

Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

ca. 1725 BC–ca. 1650 BC

Orange shading indicates the territory possibly under control of the 14th Dynasty, according to Ryholt.^[1]

Capital

Xois orAvaris

Common languages

Egyptian language

Religion

Ancient Egyptian religion

Government

Absolute monarchy

Historical era

Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

• Established

ca. 1725 BC

• Disestablished

ca. 1650 BC

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
	Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abydos Dynasty

Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)	XXV	732–653

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty	XXXII	332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty	XXXIII	305–30

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC – 313 AD

Byzantine Egypt

Thirty-fifth Dynasty
(speculated)

XXXV

379 AD – 641 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

TheFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt was a series of rulers reigning during theSecond Intermediate Period over theNile Delta region of Egypt. It lasted between 75 (ca. 1725–1650 BC) and 155 years (ca. 1805–1650 BC), depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty wasXois in central Delta according to the Egyptian historianManetho. Kim Ryholt and some historians think it was probablyAvaris.^[1] The 14th Dynasty was another Egyptian dynasty that existed concurrently with the13th Dynasty based in Thebes.^[2] The Egyptian rulers of the 14th dynasty are recorded and attested in the ancient Egyptian Turin List of Kings. On the other hand, another proposed list of contested vassals or rulers during the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are identified as being ofCanaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the foreign origins of the names of some of their rulers and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for"grace"),Yakbim ("ia-ak-bi-im", anAmorite name),Qareh (West Semitic for"the bald one"), orYaqub-Har.^[1] Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, kingNehesy ("The Nubian") and queenTati. This probably remarks the beginning ofHyksos control and domination over eastern Delta.^[3]

Chronology

[edit]

The 14th Dynasty is commonly grouped together with the 13th, 15th,16th, and17th, as theSecond Intermediate Period. Less commonly, the 14th Dynasty is combined with the11th,12th, and13th Dynasties in theMiddle Kingdom of Egypt period, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either of (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the15th Dynasty.

There are enough gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty that its absolute chronological position is debated, and can vary by as much as 75 years between authorities. EgyptologistKim Ryholt proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, ca. 1805 BC, during or shortly afterSobekneferu's rule. He contends that the Canaanite immigrants who have infiltrated into East Delta declared their independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under theHyksos 15th Dynasty ca. 1650 BC, lasting a total of 155 years.

This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists, such asManfred Bietak, Daphna Ben Tor, andJames and Susan Allen, who argue that the 14th Dynasty could not have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, ca. 1720 BC, after the reign ofSobekhotep IV.^[4]^[5] In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels where 14th Dynasty seals have been discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e., after ca. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the 14th Dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well.^[6]

Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars – including Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt – agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty.^[1]^[7] The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from ca. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power around 1650 BC.^[1]

Seat of power

[edit]

TheManethonian tradition credits the 14th Dynasty with as many as 76 kings ruling fromXois rather than Avaris. However, EgyptologistKim Ryholt notes that theTurin Canon mentions only approximately 56 kings, and does not have enough space to have recorded more than 70. Ryholt also points to excavations at Avaris that revealed the existence of a large royal palace dating to the Second Intermediate Period. One of its courtyards housed a statue of a king or high-ranking official, over twice life-size, and possessing non-Egyptian attributes. For these reasons, Ryholt and most Egyptologists share the view that Avaris – rather than Xois – was the 14th Dynasty's seat of power.^[1]

Extent of rule and foreign relations

[edit]

The precise borders of the 14th Dynasty state are not known, due to the general scarcity of its monuments. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile Delta, with borders located nearAthribis in the western Delta andBubastis in the east.^[1]

Seals attributable to the 14th Dynasty have been found in Middle and Upper Egypt – then entirely the territory of the 13th Dynasty – and as far south asDongola, beyond the Nile'sThird Cataract. To the north, seals have been found in the southern Levant, principally along the Mediterranean coast, even as far north asTel Kabri (in modern-day northernIsrael, near the border withLebanon).^[1] This indicates the existence of important trade conducted between the 13th Dynasty, the Canaanite city-states, and Nubia.^[1] Ryholt further proposes that kingSheshi, whom he sees as a 14th Dynasty ruler, married a Nubian princess, queen Tati, to strengthen relations with the Kushite kingdom.^[1]

Rulers

[edit]

The order of rulers for this dynasty is established by the Turin Royal Canon and is widely accepted – except for the first five rulers, which are given below after Ryholt.^[1] The names of these rulers are not given on the Turin Canon (except for perhaps one), and Ryholt proposes that they were mentioned aswsf in the list, which denotes a lacuna in the original document from which the list was copied during theRamesside period.^[1] Rather, Ryholt identifies the first five kings thanks to aseriation of their seals. His conclusions are debated, however, in Ben Tor's study of the strata levels, in which seals attributed to the first five kings have been found. Ben Tor concludes that the reigns ofSheshi,'Ammu, andYakbim date to the second half of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, and are not contemporary with the 13th Dynasty. According to Ben Tor, these kings were most likely minor vassal rulers of the Hyksos kings that ruled over the Nile Delta.^[4]

14th Dynasty Asiatic rulers (contested)
Name of King	Dates	Comments
Yakbim Sekhaenre	1805 BC – 1780 BC or after 1650 BC	Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty
Ya'ammu Nubwoserre	1780 BC – 1770 BC	Chronological position is contested
Qareh Khawoserre	1770 BC – 1760 BC	Chronological position is contested
'Ammu Aahotepre	1760 – 1745 BC or after 1650 BC	Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty
Sheshi Maaibre	1745 BC – 1705 BC or after 1650 BC	Attested by over 300scarab-seals, possibly married to queenTati who was aKushite. Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty

The following rulers are not controversial, being established by the Turin Canon – and, for a few of them, by contemporary sources as well:

14th Dynasty pharaohs of Egypt (not contested)
Name of King	Dates	Comments
Nehesy Aasehre	1705 BC	Best attested king of the dynasty, he left his name on two monuments atAvaris. His name means "TheNubian".^[8]
Khakherewre	1705 BC	-
Nebefawre	1704 BC	Turin canon: reigned 1 year, 5 months, 15 days
Sehebre		Turin canon: reigned 3 years [lost] months, 1 day
Merdjefare	ending 1699 BC	Attested by a single stela fromSaft el-Hinna, in the Delta^[9]
Sewadjkare III		Turin canon: reigned 1 year
Nebdjefare	ending 1694 BC	-
Webenre	ending 1693 BC	-
Unknown		Lost in the Turin king list
[...]djefare		-
[...]webenre	ending 1690 BC	-
Awibre II		-
Heribre		-
Nebsenre		Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen. Reigned for at least 5 months.
Unknown		wsf in the Turin king list, indicating a lacuna in the document from which the list was copied
[...]re
Sekheperenre		One of the only undisputed 14th Dynasty kings known from contemporary sources (along with Nehesy, Nebsenre, and Merdjefare).
Djedkherewre		-
Sankhibre II		-
Nefertum[...]re		-
Sekhem[...]re		-
Kakemure		-
Neferibre		-
I[...]re		-
Khakare		-
Akare		-
Hapu[...] Semenenre		-
Anati Djedkare		-
Babnum [...]kare		-
Unknown		Eight lines lost in the Turin king list
Senefer...re		-
Men[...]re		-
Djed[...]re		-
Unknown		Three lines lost in the Turin king list
Ink [...]		-
'A[...]		-
'Ap[...]		PossiblyApophis I, see possible list below
Unknown		Five lines lost in the Turin king list

Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts who are otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon could be dated to the 14th^[1] or 15th Dynasty.^[10] Their identities and chronological position remain unclear:

Possible 14th Dynasty pharaohs of Egypt (unclear)
Name of King	Attestations	Comments
Nuya	1scarab-seal
Sheneh	3 scarab-seals
Shenshek	1 scarab-seal
Wazad	5 scarab-seals
Khamure	2 scarab-seals
Yakareb	2 scarab-seals
Merwoserre Yaqub-Har	27 scarab-seals
Apophis I	5 scarab-seals	Turin Cannon preserves only 'Ap[...] (see uncontested list above). Ryholt and Baker consider proper reconstruction to be 'Apepi, who they thus consider to be the 51st ruler of the 14th Dynasty,c. 1650 BC; von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mKim Ryholt,The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997)
^Marc van de Mieroop, 'A History of Ancient Egypt,' pp. 122
^Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2016)."Second Intermediate Period".UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 3.
^^a ^bBulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 315, 1999, pp.47-73.
^Janine Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-1550 BC)" in Ian Shaw (ed.)The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.192 & 194
^Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period," pp.178-179, 181
^Manfred Bietak, "Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age,"BASOR, 281 (1991), pp. 21-72, esp. p. 38,available online
^Darrell D. Baker,The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International,ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 277
^Kenneth Kitchen:Ramesside Inscriptions, Blackwell Publishing 1993,ISBN 0631184279, p.546
^Daphna Ben-Tor:Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period, Volume 27 of Orbis biblicus et orientalis / Series archaeologica: Series archaeologica, Academic Press Fribourg 2007,ISBN 978-3-7278-1593-5,excerpts available online

Bibliography

[edit]

K.S.B. Ryholt (1998).The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C1800-1550 BC. Museum Tusculanum Press.ISBN 8772894210.
K.A. Kitchen (1993).Ramesside Inscriptions. Blackwell Publishing.ISBN 0631184279.

Preceded by

Thirteenth Dynasty

Dynasty of Egypt
1725−1650 BC

Succeeded by

Fifteenth Dynasty

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Ptolemaic

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)

XXXIV

Dynastic genealogies
1^st 2^nd 3^rd 4^th 11^th 12^th 18^th 19^th 20^th 21^st to 23^rd 24^th 25^th 26^th 27^th 30^th 31^st Argead Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

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