 Paccheri pasta served with Neapolitan ragù | |
| Alternative names | Ragù alla napoletana orragù napoletano (Italian),rraù (Neapolitan) |
|---|---|
| Type | Ragù |
| Place of origin | Italy |
| Region or state | Naples,Campania |
| Main ingredients | Meat cuts (beef andpork),onion,tomato paste orpurée,wine,basil |
Neapolitan ragù is aragù associated with the city ofNaples, Italy, made bybrowning thenbraising meat over several hours in tomato purée and sauce. When the meat is ready, it is removed and the sauce is left to continue cooking and thickening. In theItalian meal structure, Neapolitan ragù is served in two stages: first as sauce served over pasta, and then as meat eaten alone or with vegetables, lightly dressed with the remaining sauce.
Ragùs are rich, often meaty sauces that are eaten across Italy. The people of Naples hold their version in high regard, calling itrraù in theNeapolitan language, and several writers from the area describe it as the "queen of sauces".[1] Throughout Italy, the dish is known under names includingragù alla napoletana[a] andragù napoletano.[2] Although it contains tomato and meat, it is fundamentally perceived to be ameat sauce, with the tomato understood as a conduit for meat flavours.
Neapolitan ragù evolved from the Frenchragoût, introduced to Italy in the later 17th century. Over the following 150 years, ingredients foreign to the modern ragù such as asparagus and truffle were dropped, and tomatoes and pasta were added. In the 19th century, emigrants brought the dish to America, where it was developed into the Italian-Americangravy and the dishspaghetti and meatballs.
The dish is far less well-known thanragù alla bolognese. The two differ in several respects: the Neapolitan ragù cooks for a longer time, includes more tomatoes and rarely celery and carrot, uses whole pieces of meat rather thanminced, and is served with short, ridged pastas rather than long, flat ones.
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Ragùs—rich sauces often made with meat—are eaten across Italy with pasta.[4] Like all ragùs, Neapolitan ragù evolved from the Frenchragoût, from which its name is also derived.[5][6]Ragoûts were first described in the early 17th century, and for their first 200 years they were understood as a class of sauces that could flavour otherwise plain servings of meat.[5] For at least part of that period, they were prepared in a basic method ofbrowning meat and vegetables in fat,braising them in a broth, then thickening the dish with flour. In the second half of the 17th century,ragoûts spread across Europe, and by 1662 they had made it tonorthern Italy, when the chefBartolomeo Stefani [it] wrote of a ragù made from "egg yolks,mastic, lemon juice and veal kidney fat".[7] Within 30 years, ragù had arrived in Naples under the nameraù. One recipe was described by thestewardAntonio Latini, comprising a cut ofveal that was stuffed, baked, and served with a separately cooked sauce. It featured ingredients foreign to the modern ragù, including asparagus, black cherries,sweetbreads, and truffle.[8][3]
In 1773, the Neapolitan chefVincenzo Corrado [it] publishedIl cuoco galante [it], listing three ways ragù was being eaten: with veal,sturgeon, and eggs. InIl cuoco galante, Corrado gave a recipe fortimballo, a baked pasta dish derived from the Frenchtimbale. This recipe included the meatgravysugo di carne ('meat sauce'), representing an early example of combining pasta and meat in a single dish.[9] In 1790,Francesco Leonardi described a dish ofMaccaroni alla Napolitana in his bookL'Apicio moderno. This dish resembled Corrado's, but Leonardi's pasta was not encased in pastry; the historian Luca Cesari describes the sauce as an "embryonic" Neapolitan ragù.[10] This dish closely resembled versions ofGenovese sauce then made in Naples, and the two were sometimes treated as interchangeable.[11] Leonardi also gave a broad treatment of ragùs, providing 73 recipes using ingredients such as truffles, champagne, herbs, and butter, as well as "chickenlivers,combs andtesticles,unlaid eggs, prawn tails [and] artichoke bottoms", many of which were then held in high regard.[8][10] One recipe recommends serving the sauce with a baked pasta, the first recorded instance of a ragù from theragoût tradition and pasta being served together.[10]
Around 1807, a second edition ofL'Apicio moderno was published, and the recipe forMaccaroni alla Napolitana was updated to include tomatoes.[12] Food historianMassimo Montanari suggests the practice of adding tomatoes may have originated among the general population, and over time proliferated through the classes.[13] Two further developments were offered around the same time across editions of the cookbookLa cucina casereccia ('Homemade Cooking') authored by an "M. F.". The first was seen in the fourth edition, published in 1804, which showed the first recorded use of the termragù rather thansugo di carne for the meat sauce accompanying pasta. In the seventh edition, published in 1828, a recipe for pasta and ragù close to the modern version was supplied, still made distinct by a practice of serving ragù over grated cheese.[12][14][15]
Despite the book's populist title, these were recipes adapted for the aristocratic palate, and were unaffordable for many Neapolitans.[16] Ragù remained a rare meal for most of the populace—meat was expensive for the poor of southern Italy, who could afford it only a few times a year, most often around holidays.[17] In the 19th and 20th centuries, cookbooks began to target women in the home, and recipes were adapted to suit cooks who could spend less time cooking. Compared to these new recipes, preparing Neapolitan ragù was timely and costly, and the ragù became increasingly associated with holidays and the Sunday lunch. Versions with and without tomatoes continued to exist until the 20th century, when their inclusion became mandatory.[18] Preparations without tomato persisted in the Genovese sauce, drawing a clear distinction between the two for the first time.[19]
A legendary account of the dish's origin is told in Naples. The story recounts that at the end of the 14th century, members of a religious association known as theCompany of the Whites of Justice [it] travelled throughout Naples, praying for peace and mercy and imploring the people to reconcile with their enemies. One day, they arrived at thePalazzo Filippo d'Angiò [it] where a cruel lord lived. He was the only person in the city who refused to let go of his anger and grudges, even when his son Raù, at three months old, miraculously crossed his arms and repeatedly exclaimed "Mercy and peace". To quell her husband's rage, the lord's wife prepared a dish of pasta, which throughdivine providence was covered with blood. Moved greatly by this, the lord gave up his anger and forgave his enemies. Seeing this, his wife again made the sauce, and again, a red liquid appeared atop it. This time it had a pleasing aroma; upon tasting and finding it delicious, the lord named it after his son.[20]
Despite containing elements of both meat and tomato, in Naples the local ragù is viewed primarily as a meat sauce (sugo di carne), and the tomato is understood as a medium to carry meat flavour.[21][22]
The meat or combination thereof is determined by the cook's preference and location. In the countryside around Naples,water buffalo are consumed where they are reared. In the province ofBenevento, at least part of the meat is lamb, and in theCilento mountains ofSalerno, goat is used—both the young, and the castrated and old.[21] Cuts of meat favoured for ragù are those that take hours to tenderise; beef shoulder, beef shins, and pork short ribs are typical.[23][24] In Naples's poorer past, the choice of meat was informed by price and offcuts and sausages were common.[17]
Over the second half of the 20th century, pork gained prominence in preparations, and a ragù made simply from beef fell out of fashion.[25] By the 1990s, a ragù made ofbraciola—beef stuffed with cheese and other fillings—had become a popular preparation after the price of the ingredient fell.[21] Over the same period, preparations of Neapolitan ragù became less fatty. BeforeWorld War II, some recipes used olive oil, renderedlard, and unrendered lard in a single preparation, sometimes with the addition of butter. By the mid-1990s a lighter ragù became popular and chefs cooked with little and sometimes no fat.[21] Other common additions include pork sausages andcotica, pork skin softened over a long cooking process. In a ragù preparation,cotica is rolled tightly, enclosing garlic, raisins, parsley, and pine nuts, and added to the sauce as it cooks.[21]
Tomato appears aspurée andpaste.[23] Older preparations of the ragù usedconserva, a deep red tomato paste, made by salting, drying and milling tomatoes, that were left to dry in the sun. By the mid-1990s, the ingredient had become hard to find in the city.[26][27] In Naples, a homemade tomato paste is believed to distinguish good ragù from great, alongside using a localpecorino rather than another sheep's milk cheese, and sourcing the wine from vineyards aroundMount Vesuvius.[28] Aromatics include onion, on occasion insoffritto as the dominant element. A distinct practice is observed in Benevento, where garlic is used, sometimes in conjunction with onion.[21] The inclusion of both in a single dish has been uncommon inCampanian cooking, with the combination viewed as redundant; modern preparations generally call for both.[29] Other ingredients include red wine, basil, and cinnamon.[23][24][28]
Several ingredients distinguish Neapolitan ragù from the better-knownragù alla bolognese,[30] including the use of whole rather thanminced meat,[21] the infrequent appearance of celery and carrot,[29] as well as the prominent presence of tomato.[31]
Neapolitan ragù is made by browning then slowly braising meat or meats in tomato purée and paste, stirring periodically to prevent burning on the bottom of the pot.[31][32] When ready, the meat is removed and the sauce is left toreduce and thicken.[33][23]
Neapolitan ragù is known for its long cooking time, which is longer thanragù alla bolognese. Stories exchanged within the families of Naples describe ragù being cooked "all day" in the era before World War II,[21][34] as ragù was cooked in pottery cookware over an unreliable coal fire and required continual vigilance and intermittent stirring. For this, the ragù acquired the namesugo della guardaporta ('sauce of the door-keeper'), after the only group popularly said to have the time needed to keep watch. Despite the dish being prepared for larger families in large pots with correspondingly long cooking times, descriptions of cooking taking entire days are probably fanciful.[21][33]
By the mid-1990s, the lighter ragù had become popular. This was cooked for less time, although it was commonly believed that the dish had to be cooked for at least 2.5 hours to be considered ragù. Around that time, it was held, the colour shifts and a dramatic flavour transformation occurs.[21] The low temperature the sauce is held at over this time is captured in the termpeppiare, meaning'cook below a simmer'.Peppiare is anonomatopoeia, referencing the sound of bubbles breaking at the surface, and the change in timbre as the sauce thickens.[35][31][28] In a modern Italy where women work outside the home more than historically, long cooking times have meant Neapolitan ragù is made less frequently, and an industry mass-producing ragù sauce by the jar has emerged.[36]
As with ingredients, several beliefs exist in Naples for how the best ragù is prepared. Specific cookware—wooden spoons and flameproofterracotta pots—are held as essential.[28] To add depth of flavour, one technique involves adding tomato sauce in stages, allowing the liquid to reduce between additions.[23]
Several writers from Naples have described the ragù as the "queen of sauces".[1] Families in the area also hold their ragù in high regard and continue to prepare it, following recipes that they keep secret.[37][25] The dish is typically eaten at Sunday lunch, with cooks beginning cooking early in the morning. The distinctive fragrance is associated with Sundays and promotes "a relaxed and family-oriented mood" according to the researchers Patrícia Branco and Richard Mohr.[30][38] At times, emotive disagreements take place on- and offline over what recipe should be considered the mosttraditional. These disputes were dramatised in the 1990 film adaptation ofEduardo De Filippo's 1959 playSaturday, Sunday and Monday (Sabato, domenica e lunedì) in a scene in whichSophia Loren's character visits a butcher and argues with customers and staff.[25] The play was an adaptation of a 1947 poem, "O rraù", that De Filippo had written in the Neapolitan dialect, in which a narrator tells his wife that because she hasn't make ragù as his mother had, she has only made "meat with tomatoes".[35][39]
As with several dishes inNeapolitan cuisine, such as Genovese sauce,ragù di salsiccia, andstuffed squid, the Neapolitan ragù is served across two courses in theItalian meal structure.[40] In the first, the sauce is served over short, ridged pasta,[41] sometimes topped with basil andparmesan.[32] At times, the meat is included in the dish here—sometimes as a sliver served atop,[31] and with increasing frequency interspersed throughout.[5] The meat then follows as the second course, either by itself or with vegetable sides, dressed with some of the remaining sauce.[42][43] Ifcotica has been added, it is cut into slivers and portioned out to diners.[21] If the meat is not eaten, it may be saved for the next day.[31]
Common choices of pasta include macaroni,gnocchi, orziti, though location has a key deciding role: in Benevento the ragù is eaten withcavatelli, in theAlburni mountain range of Salerno withfusilli, and in Naples, ziti is the archetypal first course for a Sunday lunch.[44][45][46] The use of short ridged pastas distinguishes the Neapolitan ragù fromragù alla bolognese, which generally uses the long, flattagliatelle.[41]
DuringCarnival, Neapolitan ragù covers the locallasagne di Carnevale, a baked pasta dish containingmozzarella andricotta, sausages and small fried meatballs, as well as hard-boiled eggs.[47] It is sometimes included in thetimballo.[21]
In the late 19th century,Italians emigrated to America.[48] There, they found that meat was more affordable, allowing the poor to have it at every Sunday dinner. It was often prepared as a meat sauce, sometimes called "gravy".[c] Most of the time, this meat sauce was an adaptation of Neapolitan ragù, and many families maintained the practice of serving ragù over two courses. The amount and type of meat used varied as income permitted, but beef, pork,salt pork, sausages, and veal were common. Braciola was another frequent inclusion, stuffed with ham, breadcrumbs, cheese, and herbs in the American version of the dish. By bringing family together, the Sunday dinner served as an important ritual for Italian Americans, even after meat consumption spread across the week as families grew wealthier.[48]
By the early 20th century, Neapolitan ragù was adapted into the dish spaghetti and meatballs. In this new dish, large balls of minced meat were substituted for the cuts of meat present in Neapolitan ragù, which were served atop a pile of spaghetti. These concepts—serving meatballs with spaghetti, meatballs as large as those in America, and serving meat with pasta as a first course—were foreign to Italian cooking. As spaghetti and meatballs gained popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, driven byrestaurant economics and theGreat Depression, the division between a first course of pasta served with sauce and a second course of dressed meat became less observed. The same was seen in homes, although some families retained the practice in Sunday meals.[50]
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