Nazism in the Americas has existed since the 1930s and continues to exist today. The membership of the earliest groups reflected the sympathies someGerman Americans and German Latin Americans had forNazi Germany. They embraced the spirit ofNazism in Europe and they sought to establish it within the Americas. Throughout the interwar period and the outbreak ofWorld War II, American Nazi parties engaged in activities such as sportingNazi propaganda, storming newspapers, spreading Nazi-sympathetic materials, and infiltrating other non-political organizations.
The reaction to these parties varied, ranging from widespread support to outright resistance. The first anti-Nazi Jewish resistance organizations in the United States, such as theNon-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights, were formed in response to the growth these movements.[1]
Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933.[2] In the years that followed, prior to the outbreak of World War II, someGerman-Americans attempted to create pro-Nazi movements in the U.S., often bearingswastikas and wearing uniforms.[3] These groups had little to do with Nazi Germany. They lacked support from the wider German-American community.[4] In May 1933,Heinz Spanknöbel received authority fromRudolf Hess, the deputy führer of Germany, to form an official American branch of theNazi Party. The branch was known as theFriends of New Germany in the U.S.[4] The Nazi Party referred to it as the National Socialist German Workers' Party of the USA.[2] Though the party had a strong presence in Chicago, it remained based in New York City, having received support from the German consul in the city. Spanknöbel's organization was openly pro-Nazi. Members stormed the German-language newspaperNew Yorker Staats-Zeitung and demanded that the paper publish articles sympathetic to Nazis. Spanknöbel's leadership was short-lived, as he was deported in October 1933 following revelations that he had not registered as a foreign agent.[4] Some American corporations had branches in neutral countries that traded with Germany after the U.S. declared war in late 1941.[5]
The Friends of New Germany dissolved in December 1935 when Hess ordered all German citizens to leave the group after realizing that the organization was not beneficial to advancing their cause.[4] TheGerman American Bund, led byFritz Kuhn, was formed in 1936 and lasted until America formally enteredWorld War II in 1941. The Bund existed with the goal of a united America under ethnic German rule and following Nazi ideology. It proclaimedcommunism as their main enemy and expressedanti-Semitic attitudes.[4] Inspired by theHitler Youth, the Bund created its youth division, where members "took German lessons, received instructions on how to salute the swastika, and learned to sing the 'Horst Wessel Lied' and other Nazi songs."[6] The Bund continued to justify and glorify Hitler and his movements in Europe during the outbreak of World War II. AfterGermany invaded Poland in 1939, Bund leaders released a statement demanding that America stay neutral in the ensuing conflict and expressed sympathy for Germany's war effort. The Bund reasoned that this support for the German war effort was not disloyal to the United States, as German-Americans would "continue to fight for a Gentile America free of all atheistic Jewish Marxist elements."[6]
After many internal and leadership disputes, the Bund's executive committee agreed to disband the party the day after thebombing of Pearl Harbor. On December 11, 1941, the United States formally declared war on Germany, and Treasury Department agents raided Bund headquarters. The agents seized all records and arrested 76 Bund leaders.[6]
In the 1980s, theOffice of Special Investigations estimated around ten thousandNazi war criminals entered the United States from Eastern Europe after the conclusion of World War II, albeit the number has since been determined to have been much smaller.[7][8] Some were brought inOperation Paperclip, a project to bring German scientists and engineers to the U.S. Most Nazi collaborators entered the United States through the 1948 and 1950Displaced Persons Acts and theRefugee Relief Act of 1953. Supporters of the acts exhibited only slight awareness that Nazi war criminals would exploit the legislation to enter the United States. Most of the supporters' concern was about disallowing known communists from entering. This shift of focus was likely due to the pressures of theCold War in the years after World War II, when the United States focused on counteringSoviet communism more than Nazism.[7]
During the 1950s, theImmigration and Naturalization Service conducted several investigations into suspected Nazi war criminals. No official trials came from these investigations. The Holocaust and the possibility of Nazi collaborators living in the country entered the national discussion in the 1960s with the trial ofAdolf Eichmann, accusations of war criminals during Soviet war crimes trials, and a series of articles published by Charles R. Allen detailing the presence of Nazi war criminals living in the U.S. The federal government began to focus on uncovering Nazi war criminals remaining in the country.[7]
Public awareness of the Holocaust and remaining Nazi war criminals increased in the 1970s. Many cases made headline news. The case ofHermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, the first Nazi war criminal to be extradited from the United States, received widespread media coverage. The case triggered the Immigration and Naturalization Service to locate Nazi collaborators further. By the late 1970s, INS addressed thousands of cases, and the U.S. government formed the Office of Special Investigations, which was dedicated to locating Nazi war criminals in the United States.[7]
Neo-Nazism emerged as an ideology during this time,[9] seeking to revive and implement Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred andwhite supremacy, attack racial and ethnic minorities, and create afascist state.[10][11] Neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, includingultranationalism, racism,xenophobia, ableism, homophobia,anti-Romanyism, antisemitism, anti-communism, and creating aFourth Reich.Holocaust denial is common in neo-Nazi circles.
In the United States, organizations such as theAmerican Nazi Party, theNational Alliance andWhite Aryan Resistance were formed during the second half of the 20th century.[12] The National Alliance founded in the 1970s byWilliam Luther Pierce, author ofThe Turner Diaries, was the largest and most active neo-Nazi group in the United States in the 1990s.[13][12]
According to theSouthern Poverty Law Center, the National Alliance had lost most of its members by 2020 but is still visible in the U.S.[13][14] Other groups, such asAtomwaffen Division have taken its place.[15] American Neo-Nazi groups have moved towards more decentralized organization and online social networks with a terroristic focus.[14] In 2016, TV personalityTila Tequila declared herself a Nazi.[16]
In 2017, the white-nationalistUnite the Right rally took place inCharlottesville, Virginia. It was organized byRichard B Spencer andJason Kessler, both of whom are followers of Neo-Nazism.[17][18][19][20] In 2022, rapperKanye West stated that he identified as a Nazi, praising the policies of Adolf Hitler.[better source needed][21]
TheNational Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCH), orel nacismo, was formed in 1932. It was founded byCarlos Keller Rueff andJorge Gonzalez von Marees, both of German heritage, as well as Juan de Dios Valenzuela andGustavo Vargas Molinare. The members were referred to asNacistas and the party had a pyramid-structured hierarchy led by aJefe. It also included shock troops called the TNA (Tropas Nacistas de Asalto).[22] However, the MNSCH operated like many other fascist movements, with emphasis ontotalitarianism, military values,elitism, hierarchy, discipline and the need for action. The MNSCH also held the view that the individual should serve the nation as a part of a higher organism needed for self-preservation, and the party advocated the need for a totalitarian, unified order akin to European Nazism. They deplored elections and declared themselves anti-democratic, anti-liberal, anti-Marxist, anti-conservative, anti-oligarchist, and anti-imperialist.[23]
Some South American countries opposed the Axis powers and Nazism in Europe, especially after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. Others maintained that continuing economic relations with countries on both sides of the war would be beneficial.[citation needed] Fascist sentiments permeated the political and military spheres, especially after the Revolution of '43. This trend continued during Perón's populist administration and eventually led to over 40 years of military dictatorship.[24] There was opposition to the German community in Chile due to the 1938Seguro Obrero massacre. The United States issued radio broadcasts and motion pictures during the war to generate and spread anti-fascist propaganda across Latin America.[25]
After World War II ended, many Nazis and other fascists fled to South America through the use ofratlines. Many of these ratlines were supported by theCatholic Church. The first movements to smuggle Nazis and fascists came in 1946 when two Argentinian bishops colluded with a Frenchcardinal to bring French war criminals into Argentina. Under Argentine presidentJuan Perón's instructions, many European war criminals were brought into the country and given citizenship and employment.[26]
Authority control databases: National |
|---|