TheNavy Board[1] (formerly known as theCouncil of the Marine orCouncil of the Marine Causes)[2] was thecommission responsible for the day-to-day civil administration of theRoyal Navy between 1546 and 1832. The board was headquartered within theNavy Office.[3]
In the first quarter of 1545, an official memorandum proposed the establishment of a new organisation that would formalize a structure for administering the navy with a clear chain of command.[6] The Navy Board was officially appointed to this role by letters patent ofHenry VIII on the 24th of April 1546. It was directed by theLieutenant of the Admiralty until 1557.[7] The board was charged with overseeing the administrative affairs of the navy; directive, executive and operational duties of the Lord High Admiral remained with theAdmiralty and Marine Affairs Office.[8]
In 1557 the Lieutenant of the Admiralty ceased to direct the Navy Board, and that role was given to the Treasurer of the Navy, also known as theSenior Commissioner. The Navy Board remained independent until 1628, when it became a subsidiary body of theBoard of Admiralty, now reporting to theFirst Lord of the Admiralty. In 1660, the Treasurer of the Navy ceased to direct the board and was replaced by the Comptroller, who now held the new joint title of "Chairman of the Board".
In 1832, Sir James Graham's proposals to restructure the Naval Service led to the abolition of the Navy Board, along with its subsidiary boards for Sick and Hurt, Transport, and Victualling. Operational functions were taken over by theBoard of Admiralty, and administrative functions were dispersed between theNaval Lords.
the procurement ofvictuals (obtained from private contractors or "agents"), stores, supplies, and services for the fleet[9] and provision of ordnance items (sourced from theOffice of Ordnance).
Individual officials held the following responsibilities:
The Lieutenant of the Admiralty initially presided over the Council of the Marine (1545–1564) but was later superseded by the treasurer.
The Treasurer of the Navy was senior commissioner of the board from 1564 to 1660 and controlled and directed all naval finance – though in practice his responsibilities were later increasingly devolved to the Comptroller.
The Comptroller of the Navy was in charge of naval spending and also acted as chairman of the board from 1660 until its abolition in 1832.
The Surveyor of the Navy was in charge of naval shipbuilding, ship design and running the Royal Dockyards.
The Clerk of the Navy was in charge of the day-to-day running of the board and the administration of its work and acted as chief secretary to the Navy Office.
The Surveyor of Marine Victuals was responsible for the administration of victualling yards and supply of food and beverages for the Royal Navy from 1550 to 1679. This office was abolished and replaced by the Victualling Board in 1683.
The Master of Naval Ordnance was a specifically assigned officer from the Ordnance Office responsible for the supply of Naval Ordnance and was briefly a member from 1561 to 1569.
The Comptroller of Storekeepers' Accounts, the Comptroller of Treasurer's Accounts and the Comptroller of Victualling Accounts were posts created to relieve the Comptroller of the Navy of these duties.
Note: TheNavy Pay Office (domain of the Treasurer of the Navy) was independent of the Board; though the Board's Commissioners were required to authorize payments, all funds were held and issued by the Pay Office (which was also known as the Navy Treasury).
As the size of the fleet grew, the Admiralty sought to focus the activity of the Navy Board on two areas: ships and their maintenance, and naval expenditure. Therefore, from the mid-to-late 17th century, a number of subsidiary boards were established to oversee other aspects of the board's work.[10] These included:
TheVictualling Board (1683–1832). Responsible for providing naval personnel with food, drink and supplies.
TheSick and Hurt Board (established temporarily in times of war from 1653, placed on a permanent footing from 1715, and amalgamated into the Transport Board from 1806). Responsible for providing medical support services to the navy and managing prisoners of war.
TheTransport Board (1690–1724, re-established 1794, amalgamated into the Victualling Board in 1817). Responsible for the provision of transport services and for the transportation of supplies and military equipment.
Each of these subsidiary boards went on to gain a degree of independence, though they remained, nominally at least, overseen by the Navy Board.[11]
theComptroller of the Navy, originally called theClerk Comptroller of the Navy was in charge of Naval spending he also acted as Chairman of the Board from 1660.
theKeeper of the Storehouses, also calledClerk of the Storehouses he was briefly a member in (1546–1560) his duties were later merged with the treasurers.
theMaster of Naval Ordnance,[17] specifically assigned officer from the Ordnance Board was briefly a member from (1546–1589).
Four to seven "Principal Officers" had an important role in the early administration of the Navy Office; however some were styled differently prior to 1660. Between 1625 and 1640,Charles I added a fifth. The Navy Board was given autonomy byEdward VI's Ordinances, but remained subordinate to theLord High Admiral until 1628. This – at times ambiguous – relationship withthe Admiralty was an enduring characteristic of the board and was one of the reasons behind its eventual demise in 1832.[18]
During theCommonwealth, the business of both the Navy Board and the Admiralty was carried out by a committee of Parliament. Following theRestoration,James, Duke of York (as Lord High Admiral), oversaw the reconstitution of the Navy Board. Alongside the aforementioned "Principal Officers" further officials were appointed to serve as "Commissioners" of the Navy, and together these constituted the board. By tradition, commissioners were always Navy officers of the rank ofpost-captain or captain who had retired from active service at sea.[19]
List of Principal Officers and Commissioners 1660-1796 included.[20]
In 1796 the board was reconstituted: the post of Clerk of the Acts was abolished, as were the three controllers of accounts. Henceforward, the board would consist of the controller and a deputy controller (both of whom were normally commissioned officers), the surveyor (usually a mastershipwright from one of the dockyards), and around seven other commissioners (a mixture of officers and civilians) to whom no specific duties were attached.
The treasurer, though still technically a member of the board, was (like the dockyard commissioners) seldom in attendance.[22] In fact, the post of treasurer was by this stage little more than a sinecure; the main work of his department was carried out by its senior clerk, the Paymaster of the Navy.
Following the abolition of the office of Clerk of the Acts, the post of secretary to the board was created; as well as overseeing the administrative department, the secretary attended meetings of the board and took minutes, but he was not himself a commissioner and did not therefore have a vote.
List of Principal Officers and Commissioners 1796-1832 included:[20]
To all of these lists must be added theCommissioners of the Navy with oversight of theRoyal Navy Dockyards. Normally resident at their respective dockyards and thus known asresident commissioners, these commissioners did not normally attend the board's meetings in London; nevertheless, they were considered full members of the Navy Board and carried the full authority of the board when implementing or making decisions within their respective yards both at home and overseas.[22] Not every Dockyard had a resident commissioner in charge, but the larger Yards, both at home and overseas, generally did (with the exception of the nearby Thames-side yards ofDeptford andWoolwich, which were for the most part overseen directly by the board in London, although Woolwich did have a Resident Commissioner for some years).Chatham Dockyard,Devonport Dockyard,Portsmouth Dockyard,Sheerness Dockyard,Trincomalee Dockyard, andBermuda Dockyard all had Resident Commissioners.
After the abolition of the board in 1832, the duties of these commissioners were taken over by commissioned officers: usually anadmiral-superintendent at the largest yards or a captain-superintendent at smaller yards.
From the 1650s, the board, together with its staff of around 60 clerks, was accommodated in a large house at the corner ofCrutched Friars and Seething Lane, just north of the Tower of London. Following a fire, the house was rebuilt bySir Christopher Wren. This newNavy Office provided accommodation for the commissioners, as well as office space. Different departments were accommodated in different parts of the building; the rear wing (which had its own entrance on Tower Hill) housed the offices of the Sick and Hurt Board. The Victualling Office was also located nearby, on Little Tower Hill, close to its early manufacturing base atEastminster. The Navy Treasury, where the treasurer was based, was located from 1664 in Broad Street (having moved there from Leadenhall Street). It was also known as theNavy Pay Office. In 1789, all these offices were relocated into the new purpose-built office complex ofSomerset House.[24]
By the early nineteenth century, members of Parliament had begun raising concerns about the cost of Navy Board operations and the obscurity of its record-keeping. On 15 February 1828,Robert Peel, theHome Secretary, established a Parliamentary Committee to review the board's operations. The committee, chaired by Irish MPHenry Parnell, was specifically charged with interpreting and reducing Navy Board costs. By the end of the year, it had issued critical reports covering the board's administration of naval pensions,half-pay, revenue, expenditure, and debt. In particular, the committee noted the Navy Board had long since abandoned financial controls; that it had instead "established a scale of expense greatly beyond what existed during former periods of peace," and that its operations tended to "exalt its own importance" over the needs of the public service as a whole.[25]
The board's internal operations were also found wanting:
The ancient and wise control vested by our financial policy in the hands of theTreasury over all the departments connected with the Public Expenditure, has been in a great degree set aside. Although it is the [Navy Board] practice to lay the annual estimates before the Board of Treasury, the subsequent course of expenditure is not practically restrained ... Old modes of conducting public business, full of complexity and inconsistency, have too long been suffered to exist; official forms and returns have been multiplied; and the result has been an unnecessary increase of establishments.
— Sir Henry Parnell MP, Select Committee on the State of Public Income and Expenditure, End of Session Report, Volume Four, 1828.[25]
The government's response was delivered on 14 February 1832, with abill to abolish both the Navy Board and theVictualling Board and merge their functions into theBoard of Admiralty. This bill was moved by SirJames Graham asFirst Lord of the Admiralty, who argued that the boards had been "constituted at a period when the principles of banking were unknown," and were redundant in an era of greater Parliamentary oversight and regulation. An amendment proposed byFirst Sea Lord SirGeorge Cockburn suggested that Navy Board be preserved and only the Victualling Board abolished, but this was defeated by 118 votes to 50. The bill itself was passed on 23 May 1832, with the Navy Board formally ceasing operations from 1 June.[25]
^In the mid-eighteenth century, and particularly during theWar of Jenkins' Ear from 1739 to 1748, the Navy Board was chaired by Surveyor Jacob Acworth, because the Controller, Richard Haddock, was considered by his peers to be too old and feeble to carry out the role. The chairmanship reverted to the Controller after Haddock was superannuated in February 1749.[21]
^abRanft, Bryan (2002).The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
^Ehrman, John (2012).The Navy in the war of William III, 1689-1697 : its state and direction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 179.ISBN9781107645110.
^Rodger, N.A.M. (1979).The Admiralty, Offices of State. Lavenham: Terence Dalton Ltd. p. 5.ISBN0900963948.
^Thrush, Andrew D."The Navy Under Charles I, 1625-1640"(PDF).discovery.ucl.ac.uk. University College London, Ph.D. Dissertation, p.68, June 1990. Retrieved28 February 2017.
^Thrush, Andrew D."The Navy Under Charles I, 1625-1640"(PDF).discovery.ucl.ac.uk. University College London, Ph.D. Dissertation, p.68, June 1990. Retrieved28 February 2017.
^Thrush, Andrew D."The Navy Under Charles I, 1625-1640"(PDF).discovery.ucl.ac.uk. University College London, Ph.D. Dissertation, p.68, June 1990. Retrieved28 February 2017.
Rodger, N.A.M. (1979). The Admiralty. Offices of State. Terence Dalton Ltd, Lavenham. Suffolk. England.
Collinge, J M, ed. (1978),"Principal officers and commissioners",Office-Holders in Modern Britain Volume 7, Navy Board Officials 1660–1832, London, pp. 18–25, retrieved28 February 2017 – via British History Online{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
