| Navarro-Aragonese | |
|---|---|
| Native to | |
| Region | NortheastIberia |
| Extinct | 17th century |
Indo-European
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
 | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Navarro-Aragonese was aRomance language once spoken in a large part of theEbro River basin, south of the middlePyrenees; the dialects of the modernAragonese language, spoken in a small portion of that territory, can be seen as its last remaining forms. The areas where Navarro-Aragonese was spoken might have included most ofAragon, southernNavarre, andLa Rioja. It was also spoken across several towns of central Navarre in a multilingual environment withOccitan, whereBasque was the native language.
Navarro-Aragonese gradually lost ground throughout most of its geographic area to Castilian (i.e.Spanish), with its last remnants being the dialects of the Aragonese language still spoken in northern Aragon.
Navarro-Aragonese has 6 different dialects:
The only surviving dialect isMedieval High Aragonese, with it evolving into Aragonese.
Navarro-Aragonese was not defined by clear-cut boundaries, but was rather a Romancelanguage continuum spoken in the area extending north of theMuslim realms of the Ebro, under the influence ofMozarabic andBasque, towards the Pyrenees.[1] TheMuwalladBanu Qasi, lords ofTudela in the 9th century, may have mostly spoken a variant of Navarro-Aragonese.[2] Early evidence of the language can be found in place-names likeMurillo el Fruto attested asMurello Freito andMuriel Freito (stemming fromLatinMurellus Fractus), andCascante,Olite orUrzante with a typical restored-e ending aftert in this area.[2]
Navarro-Aragonese is also attested in major towns ofNavarre (includingEstella andPamplona) in a multilingual environment where Basque was the natural language, used by most of the people;Occitan was spoken by theFranks in their ethnic boroughs; andHebrew was used for written purposes in thealjamas[3] along with Basque[4] and Navarro-Aragonese asvernaculars in their respective linguistic regions.
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At the westernmost tip of this middle Ebro stretch, a Romance variant was developed in La Rioja, recorded in theGlosas Emilianenses dating from roughly 1000 AD. They have been diversely classified from "cradle of Spanish" to a Navarro-Aragonese variant, while it is widely accepted that the glosses show more similarities with the latter.[5] However, political events would tip the scale in favour of an increasing assimilation to Spanish in the following centuries, especially after the disputed region was annexed to Castile in 1177 at the expense of Navarre. Another focal point for the emergence and expansion of Romance in High Aragon and the eastern border of Navarre was the ancient Roman road andWay of St. James crossing the Pyrenees to the south fromGascony and extending west via Jaca through the Corridor ofBerdún, while the territory was largely Basque-Romance bilingual in 1349.[6]
However, early Navarro-Aragonese–speaking communities may have ebbed and become assimilated in some spots on the strength of a predominant Basque-speaking population (overwhelmingly so in Navarre) north away from the Ebro plains, due to demographic, economic and political shifts; e.g. the eastern borders of Navarre in Leire,Sangüesa,Liédena, andRomanzado altogether, were densely Basque-speaking in the mid and late 16th century.[7] Navarro-Aragonese had a strong Basquesubstratum andadstratum, the former being in close contact with Basque, which in turn was rapidly losing ground to the Romance language in the Kingdom of Aragon during theHigh and Late Middle Ages.
Navarro-Aragonese was chosen in the High Middle Ages by the Navarrese aristocracy and royal institutions for official records and documents in the 14th century,[8] whenOccitan variants fell into disuse after the last devastating war among boroughs in Pamplona; it was dubbedydiomate navarre terrae orlengoage de Navarra (as opposed to thelingua navarrorum, the Basque language).[9][10] "Navarro-Aragonese" is a modern term coined for linguistic classification purposes, while its speakers may have referred to it as "Romanz(e) (Aragonés/Navarro)" in the Middle Ages.
The features of the language at this last stage in the 14th and 15th centuries grew closer to those ofCastilian, showing a clear trend towards convergence, as attested in the telling opening sentence ofCharles II of Navarre at his coronation ceremony (1350): "Nos Karlos, por la gracia de Dios, rey de Navarra et conté d'Evreux, juramos a nuestro pueblo de Navarra, es assaber, prelados, ricoshombres, cavailleros, hombres de buenas villas et a todo el pueblo de Navarra, todos lures fueros, usos, costumbres, franquezas, libertades."[11]
In Navarre the language gradually merged with Castilian (Spanish) in the 15th and early 16th centuries, but it survived in Aragon, eventually developing intoAragonese, expanding south along with theCrown of Aragon's lands conquered to the kingdoms inAl-Andalus, and reaching at one point as far south asMurcia,[12] while the Mediterranean coastal strip came to be settled byCatalan speakers. These geo-linguistic gains could not prevent Navarro-Aragonese from gradually losing ground to Spanish both territorially and socially after theTrastámara dynasty's access to the Aragonese crown[13] and the 1469 wedding betweenFerdinand II of Aragon andIsabella I of Castile, who favoured Spanish in the royal court. However, some varieties of the language, now calledAragonese, have survived in northern Aragon as a vernacular, though increasingly confined to the higherPyrenees.
The vocabulary below illustrates the language's Romance roots, its relationship to neighbouring languages (adstratum, and possibly also as substratum in the case of Basque), as well as meanings in English.[14]
| Navarro-Aragonese | Béarnese (Occitan) | Spanish | Catalan | Basque | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ome | òmi | hombre | home | gizon | man |
| muyller/muger | hemna, dauna | mujer | muller, dona | emazte, emakume | woman |
| casa | ostau/casa/maison | casa | casa | etxe | house |
| arb/arbor | arbe/arbo | arbol | arbre | zuhaitz, arbola | tree |
| aquest(i) | aqueste | este | aquest | hau | this |
| areyto | dret | derecho, de pie | dret, dempeus | zuzen, tente, zutik | straight, standing |
| car/quar | per' mor, pr'amor | porque | perquè | -lako, -gatik, (...) bait, zeren | because |
| canba | camba | pierna | cama | hanka, zango | leg |
| cayll | carrera | calle | carrer | kale, karrika | street |
| cuylir | préner, gahar | coger | collir, prendre | hartu | take (collect) |
| dreytos | drets | derechos | drets | eskubideak | rights |
| exir/ixir | sortir, eishir, gessir, salhir | salir | sortir, eixir | irten/jalgi/elk(h)i | exit, get out |
| faya | destrau | hacha | destral | aizkora | axe |
| feyto | hèit | hecho | fet | egina | done/made |
| ferme | hidança | fianza | fiança | berme | deposit |
| huey | uei | hoy | avui | gaur | today |
| lueyn | luenh | lejos | lluny | urrun, urruti | far |
| lur/lures | lor/lors; lo son/los sons; eth son/eths sons | su/sus | llur/llurs; llura/llures; els seus/les seves | haien, beren | their |
| miyor/migor | miélher/melhor | mejor | millor | hobe | better |
| Nadal | Nadau | Navidad | Nadal | Eguberri | Christmas |
| noch/nueyt | nueit | noche | nit | gau | night |
| pluvia | ploja | lluvia | pluja | euri | rain |
| poçon/pozon | bevuda/beguda | bebida | beguda | edari | drink |
| remanir | demorar | permanecer | romandre | gelditu | remain |
| seteno | setau | séptimo | setè | zazpigarren | seventh |
| soz/soç | devath, jus | bajo | sota | -ren pean/azpian | under/below |
| veyendo | vedent | viendo | veient | ikusten | seeing |
| Ebro Valley Aragonese | |
|---|---|
| Native to | NorthernSpain |
| Region | Ebro Valley |
| Extinct | 16th–17th centuries[15] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
 Ebro Valley Aragonese | |
Ebro Valley Aragonese was the dialect of Navarro-Aragonese spoken in theEbro Valley until the 16th–17th centuries when speakers underwent a process oflanguage replacement, which madeCastilian the spoken language in the Ebro Valley.