The wildlife ofVietnam is rich in flora and fauna as reflected by its unique biodiversity.Saola, rare and antelope-like animal categorized under thebovine subfamily, was found in 1992 inVũ Quang National Park. In the 1990s, three othermuntjac species, the deer-likeTruong Son muntjac (found inBạch Mã National Park),giant muntjac (found inVũ Quang National Park) andPu Hoat muntjac (found in Pù Hoạt,Nghệ An), were also discovered.[1][2] Conservation protection and scientific studies of the ecology of Vietnam, particularly in the protected forest areas, have been given priority attention by the Government of Vietnam. Laws were enacted to set upXuân Thủy Wetland National Park, fourUNESCO Biosphere Reserves, andHạ Long Bay andPhong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Parks; the last two are also designated asUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.[1]
The rich diversity of Vietnam's wildlife includes 11,400 species ofvascular plants, 1030 species ofmoss, 310 species of mammals, 296 reptile species, 162 amphibian species, 700 freshwater species of fish and 2000 species of marine fish.[3] There are about 889 species of birds[4] and over 850 species of landmollusks.[5] However, a study by theWWF has reported that nearly 10% of the wildlife in the country is threatened with extinction. Vietnam is placed 16th highest among 152 countries studied in terms of the proportion of its wildlife species found to be in danger.[6]
While the national reserves cover small areas of scientific significance with restricted access, the national parks also cover wetlands ofRamsar designated areas andBirdLife International inscribed bird areas. The largest of the national parks initially covered were the Cuc Phuong National Park, the Cat Tien National Park, the Con Dao National Park and Con Dao National Park, which to start with, were forest areas along with being reserves or prohibited areas. The objective for creating national parks was to allow access to the reserved areas as a part ofecotourism and cultural needs with full attention to the basic approach of conservation of natural environmental resources.[1]
The national parks and reserves, as per present status, (as reported by the national parks of Vietnam) conforming to the topography of the country which cover terrestrial, deltas of rivers, and coastal zones are:[7][8] Five national parks and four reserves in theMekong Delta;[9] two national parks in the northeastern area;[10] five reserves in the north western area;[11] three parks in theRed River Delta;[12] two parks and one reserve in the North Central Coastal area;[13] two reserves in South Central Coastal area;[14] three parks and one reserve in Central Highlands;[15] one park and one reserve in south eastern area.[16]
The flora of Vietnam has existed in its current form since at least theOligocene, as evidenced by the assemblage known as the Ha Long megafossil flora from the Oligocene-aged Dong Ho Formation, which outcrops in the Ha Long region.[17]
The country was once totally covered with forests but over the years due to the war and deforestation and anthropological pressures some areas have lost their biodiversity value.[18] The floral richness of the rain forest habitats comprise a broad range of evergreens.[19] According to the Conservation International List Vietnam is identified as the fifth biodiversity hot spot in the world, on account of its exotic flora and fauna. Between 1997 and 2007, almost 1000 new species have been discovered. However, many areas still remain to be explored, and more species are likely to appear in the future. Natural forests are at higher elevations in the northwest and mangrove swamps are in the coastal areas. Rainforest in the hilly region has wildrhododendrons in the northwest along with dwarfbamboos and numerous types oforchids. The central dry region haspines and the river deltas have mangrove forests. The largest and the most conspicuous find in recent years is of the plant species in theHalong Bay area known asHalong fan palm.[18] The largest species was the gum tree.
Considered one of the world biological diversification centers, the flora estimated is of the order of 12,000 species (veined flora) of which 9,628 have been recorded under 291 families. It includes 1000 endemic species. Trees, which provide timber, are of 1,000 species. Timber plants are 100 species. Commercially usable species are 352 species including 42 listed as precious tree species. Further categorization of the flora relates to 76 aromatic spices, 160 species providing vegetable oils, and also herbal species. Some of the well known herbal species are:ginseng,Coscinium fenestratum,Coptis teeta,Panax vietnamensis, andStephania.[20]
Faunal species noted are accounted as 11,217 species of animals, in Vietnam's hot and humid climate. These are broadly:Indian elephants,bears (black bear andhoney bear),Indochinese tigers andIndochinese leopards as well as smaller animals like pygmy lorises,[21]monkeys (such as snub-nosed monkey), bats, flyingsquirrels,turtles andotters. Reptiles such ascrocodiles,snakes andlizards are also reported.[22][20][19][18] Specifically the faunal species which are endemic to Vietnam are the following.[23] While many variety of animals have become extinct like theNorthern Sumatran rhinoceros, the protection of large animals have been addressed. TheVietnamese Javan rhinoceros used to live throughout the region of Vietnam but was declared extinct in 2010 when the last remaining individual was found dead with the horn removed.
There are also 2,470 species of fish, more than 23,000 species ofcorals and many species of invertebrates recorded in the wildlife of Vietnam.[20]
Perhaps a third of Vietnam's 484 identified reptile species are endemic, and new species are regularly discovered. These species are often found in particular hotspots, for example 32 endemic species are found within theAnnamite Range. TheIUCN Red List has listings for 74 threatened species, which does not include species which are too data deficient for assessments to be made. Many species are known only from a single location, and only around a fifth of species (and 23% the Red List species) have captive populations. Such populations can be crucial for a species to survive, for example theVietnamese pond turtle is present in captivity despite being rare or extinct in the wild.[24]
Rare and little known birds have been identified such as the Edward's pheasant which was believed to be extinct, the white-winged wood duck and the white-shouldered ibis. The country lies on the east Asian flyway of Siberian birds and is an important stopover for migratory waders.[18]
According to theBirdLife International records of 2011, the avifauna recorded are of 889 species, which includes 18 endemic species, 44 globally threatened species and 6 introduced species. The globally threatened species are listed under the following three categories, excluding vulnerable category.[4]
The marine molluscan fauna of Vietnam includes numerous species ofchitons,gastropods,tusk shells,cephalopods andbivalves.[25]
Vietnam's fauna of non-marine molluscs comprises various species of freshwater gastropods, freshwater bivalves and terrestrial gastropods.[25] The terrestrial gastropod fauna is highly diverse and includes more than 850 described land snail and slug species; many species inhabitlimestone karst hills.[5]
The protected areas in Vietnam have suffered a decline over the past several decades. The reasons adduced to this situation are; the Vietnam war, deforestation, hunting, export of animals underCITES agreement which is generally violated by illegal activity due to inadequate patrolling.[6]Illegal trade in wildlife is flourishing in Vietnam as there is great demand for these animals in China and also within the country. They have commercial value both at home and abroad.[18]
Trade in wildlife resources in Vietnam is of considerable value. In respect of faunal species, trade varies between 3,700 and 4,500 tons; the use of faunal species are also for medical purposes, pets, and as food and ornamentation but excludes trade in aquatic species. Insects are also a valuable source of trade withbeetle andLepidoptera species contributing towards a major share. Medicinal plants are also harvested and its trade is of the order of 20,000 tons.[3]
Continuous conservation efforts by the Government of Vietnam have brought more and more areas under protected status. Logging operations have been banned. The conservation efforts are showing positive results with wildlife becoming re-established in many reforested areas.Mangrove forest areas are on the rise due to renewed planting. Fish fauna andcrustaceans are proliferating and birds are seen more frequently. As a result of conservation efforts,Siamese crocodile numbers have recovered on account of their reintroduction to ponds within the parks.[18]
