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Thenational symbols of the Philippines consist ofsymbols that representPhilippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity of theFilipino people.[1] Some of these symbols namely thenational flag, theGreat Seal, thecoat of arms and thenational motto are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491.[1] In theConstitution of the Philippines, theFilipino language is stated as the national language of the Philippines.[2] Aside from those stated symbols in the Constitution and in Republic Act 8491, there are only six official national symbols of the Philippines enacted through law, namelysampaguita as national flower,narra as national tree, thePhilippine eagle as national bird,Philippine pearl as national gem,arnis as national martial art and sport and theFilipino Sign Language as the nationalsign language. Thus, there is a total of twelve official national symbols passed through Philippine laws.
There are symbols such as thecarabao (national animal),mango (national fruit) andanahaw (national leaf) that are widely known as national symbols but have no laws recognizing them as official national symbols.[3] EvenJose Rizal, who is widely considered a national hero, has not been declared officially as a national hero in any existing Philippine law according to historical experts.[3][4] Although in 2003,Benigno Aquino Jr. was officially declared by the President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as a national hero by an executive order.[5] ANational Artist of the Philippines is a rank or a title given to a Filipino citizen in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and they are not considered a national symbol that represents traditions and ideals.[6]
Through the years, there were attempts to make those traditional symbols official. One of them is House Bill 3926, a bill proposed on February 17, 2014, by Bohol First District RepresentativeRene Relampagos of the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols.[7] House Bill 3926 ("Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014"), aimed to encouragenationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[7] Among the national symbols listed in the measure are Jose Rizal as the only historical Filipino to be recognized as national hero,adobo asnational food andjeepney as national vehicle.[8] It also includes the previous official national symbols, which were eleven during the filing of the bill.[8] As of February 2014, the bill is still pending with the Committee on Revision Laws of the House of Representatives and is not yet a law that would make the proposed symbols as official national symbols.[9]
The Republic Act (RA) 8491, also known as Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, stipulates the code for nationalflag,anthem,motto,coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines.[1] According to Article XIV Section 6 of theConstitution of the Philippines, the national language of the Philippines isFilipino.[2] Apart from RA 8491 and the Constitution, the Philippines has only six official national symbols enacted either through a proclamation by the executive department or through aRepublic Act by the legislative department, namelysampaguita,narra, thePhilippine eagle, the Philippinepearl,arnis and theFilipino Sign Language.
In 1934, during theCommonwealth era,Governor-GeneralFrank Murphy declared sampaguita[10] and narra[11] as national flower and national tree, respectively, through Proclamation No. 652.Philippine PresidentFidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615.[12] Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the nationalgem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905.[13] In 2009, PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo declared arnis as the national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850.[14] On October 30, 2018, PresidentRodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11106, a law declaring the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language of the Filipino deaf and the official sign language of the Philippine government involving communications to the deaf.[15][16]
A Philippine national symbol will be considered official once it is declared through a law or a proclamation. National symbols such as thecariñosa,carabao,bangus (milkfish), andanahaw (footstool palm) that are circulating through various sources have no official status and have not established by law.[3][4] According to Nestor Castro, a Filipinocultural anthropologist, most of these unofficial symbols were passed on as tradition in schools every start of the school year when students were asked to buy posters containing the supposed national symbols.[3] While official national symbols are declared through law, Castro andNational Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza considered[3] that the public must be consulted first before declaration of national symbol.[3]
Throughout the history of legislation in the Philippines, attempts were made to expand the list of official national symbols. In February 2013, thePhilippine Senate passed a bill declaring waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana) as the national flower alongside sampaguita.[17] A similar bill in theHouse of Representatives[18] had already been passed in 2012.[19] Normally, the bill would become law after being signed by thePresident.[20] However, it wasvetoed by PresidentBenigno Aquino III.[21] The veto did not grant the waling-waling as the second national flower due to the confusion that it would create.[22]
A year later, on February 17, 2014, Representative Rene Relampagos, a congressman from theFirst District ofBohol, introduced a legislation in the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols.[7] House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014" aimed to encouragenationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[7] It listed 26 symbols including the previous eleven official national symbols.[7][8] The bill is not yet a law that would make those symbols official because it is still pending with the House of Representatives' Committee on Revision Laws as of February 2014.[9]
In February 2016, the House of Representatives approved on final reading of House Bill 6366, which declared the ancient boatbalangay as the national boat of the Philippines.[23][24] In April 2018, the House Committee on Basic Education and Culture approved House Bill 1022, seeking to declarebaybayin, a pre-Hispanic writing system used in the Philippines, as the country's national writing system.[25][26] As of 2019, both legislation are still unresolved asSenate concurrence and apresidential signature is pending.[20]
According to the NHCP Section Chief Teodoro Atienza,[3] and Filipino historianAmbeth Ocampo,[4] there is no Filipino historical figure officially declared national hero through law or executive order.[27][28] Although, there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. In theRizal Law principally sponsored byClaro M. Recto and enacted in 1956, Jose Rizal is mentioned as a national hero in the "whereas" clause of the law.[29] Although, "whereas" clauses function as apreamble or introduction and it is not part of the provisions.[30] On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President Fidel Ramos, recommended nine Filipino historical figures to beNational Heroes:Jose Rizal,Andres Bonifacio,Emilio Aguinaldo,Apolinario Mabini,Marcelo H. del Pilar,Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat,Juan Luna,Melchora Aquino, andGabriela Silang.[28] No action has been taken for these recommended National Heroes[28] until it was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress in 2009.[31]
On August 3, 2009, shortly after thedeath of formerPresidentCorazon Aquino, widow ofBenigno Aquino Jr., legislative measures have been filed calling for her official recognition as a national hero.[32][33] CongresswomanLiwayway Vinzons-Chato filed a house resolution declaring Corazon Aquino a national hero.[31] Although, a week after she filed the resolution, she realized that there is no Filipino historical figure declared through law. On August 10, 2009, she cited on her privilege speech in Congress the nine Filipino heroes recommended by National Heroes Committee in 1995. She then urge Congress to sign the resolutions declaring the nine Filipinos recommended by the National Heroes Committee plus Benigno Aquino Jr. and Corazon Aquino as national heroes.[34] CongressmanSalvador Escudero interpellated Vinzons-Chato's speech and stated that heroes are made in the hearts and minds of people and not through legislation.[34] After the interpellation, it was moved byHouse of Representatives to refer the privilege speech of Vinzons-Chato to the Committee of Basic Education and Culture.[34]
In 2013,Bayan Muna CongressmenNeri Colmenares andCarlos Isagani Zarate filed House Bill 3431 aiming to declare Andres Bonifacio as National Hero due to his actual participation in thePhilippine Revolution against Spain.[35][36] Another measure filed by Congressman Rene Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014 sought to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. According to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy during theSpanish colonial era.[7]
Filipinos awarded with the rank or titleNational Artist of the Philippines are not considered to be national symbols because the title is given in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and not as a symbol that represents traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity.[6]
Despite declaration from historical experts that there is no historical person declared as a national hero, in 2003, an executive order by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declared Beningno Aquino Jr. as one of the national heroes according to a news report byThe Philippine Star.[5] The recognition of Rizal and Bonifactio as national heroes is considered implied due to laws declaring their heroism according to NHCP.[28][36][37]
Here is the list of official national symbols recognized with legal foundation.
| Type | Symbol | Image | Adopted | Legal basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Declared by the 1987 Constitution and Republic Act No. 8491 | ||||
| National language | — | February 11, 1987 | Article XIV, Sec. 6 of the1987 Constitution | |
| National flag | | June 12, 1898 (Reaffirmed February 12, 1998) | Proclamation of PresidentEmilio Aguinaldo Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter I | |
| National anthem | Problems playing this file? Seemedia help. | Music : June 12, 1898 Lyrics : May 26, 1958 (Reaffirmed February 12, 1998) | Music : Proclamation of PresidentEmilio Aguinaldo Lyrics : Department of Education Administrative Order Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter II | |
| National motto | National motto of the Philippines | "Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa" ("For God, People, Nature, and Country") | February 12, 1998 | Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter III[38] |
| Coat of arms | | July 3, 1946 (Reaffirmed February 12, 1998) | Commonwealth Act No. 731 Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter IV[Note 1] | |
| Great seal |  | February 12, 1998 | Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter V | |
| Declared by Proclamations and other Republic Acts | ||||
| National flower | Sampaguita (Jasminum sambac) |  | February 1, 1934[22][39] | Executive Proclamation No. 652, issued by Governor GeneralFrank Murphy |
| National tree | Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) |  | February 1, 1934[39] | Executive Proclamation No. 652 |
| National bird | Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) | .jpg) | July 4, 1995[40] | Proclamation No. 615 |
| National gem | Philippine pearl (Pinctada maxima) |  | October 15, 1996[13] | Proclamation No. 905 |
| Nationalmartial art andsport | Arnis (Eskrima/Kali) |  | December 11, 2009[41] | Republic Act No. 9850 |
| National sign language | — | October 30, 2018[42] | Republic Act No. 11106 | |
Here are the lists of symbols with no official status, or legal basis.
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| National heroes |
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