Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture
Tomb ofJames Clarence Mangan , with legend describing him as "Ireland 's national poet" Anational poet ornational bard is apoet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particularnational culture .[ 1] culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointedpoet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily duringRomanticism , as a figure that helped consolidation of thenation states , as it provided validation of theirethno-linguistic groups.[ 1]
Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4]
The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list ofsovereign states orcountries , though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation " (as cultural concept), "country " (as geographical concept) and "state " (as political concept) are notsynonyms .
Hadrawi of Somalia Country (or region) Poet Ref. Afghanistan Rumi ,Khushal Khattak [ 38] [ 39] Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam [ 40] [ 41] China Du Fu ,Li Bai [ 42] [ 43] [ 44] Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som [ 45] India Rabindranath Tagore ,Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ,Kuvempu ,Govinda Pai ,G. S. Shivarudrappa ,Maithili Sharan Gupt ,Subramania Bharati ,Kalidasa [ 46] [ 47] [ 48] [ 49] [ 50] [ 51] [ 52] [ 53] Indonesia Chairil Anwar ,Sapardi Djoko Damono [ 54] [ 55] [ 56] Iran Ferdowsi ,Rumi ,Hafez ,Attar of Nishapur ,Omar Khayyám ,Saadi Shirazi ,Nizami Ganjavi ,Rudaki ,Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar ,Mohammad-Taqi Bahar ,Mehdi Akhavan-Sales ,Aref Qazvini ,Ahmad Shamlou ,Parvin E'tesami [ 57] [ 58] [ 59] Iraq Muthaffar al-Nawab ,Al-Mutanabbi ,Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri [ 60] [ 61] [ 62] Israel Yehuda Amichai ,Hayim Nahman Bialik ,Natan Alterman ,[ 63] [ 64] [ 65] Japan Matsuo Bashō ,Lafcadio Hearn ,Murasaki Shikibu ,Tanikawa Shuntaro ,Ishikawa Takuboku [ 66] [ 67] [ 68] Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal [ 69] Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli [ 70] Korea Cho Ki-chon ,Yun Dongju ,Han Yong-un ,Park Mok-wol ,Chŏng Ch'ŏl [ 71] [ 72] Kurdistan Hemin Mukriyani ,Sherko Bekas ,Abdurrahman Sharafkandi ,Ehmedê Xanî [ 73] [ 74] [ 75] [ 76] Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov [ 77] Lebanon Kahlil Gibran ,Said Akl [ 78] [ 79] Malaysia Usman Awang [ 80] Mongolia Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar ,Dulduityn Danzanravjaa ,Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj ,Byambyn Rinchen ,Hadaa Sendoo [ 81] [ 82] [ 83] [ 84] [ 85] Myanmar Min Thu Wun [ 86] Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire [ 87] Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal [ 88] Palestine Mahmoud Darwish [ 89] Philippines Francisco Balagtas [ 90] Saudi Arabia Imru' al-Qais Sri Lanka Parakrama Kodituwakku [ 91] Syria Nizar Qabbani [ 92] Taiwan Yang Mu ,Yu Youren [ 93] [ 94] Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni ,Bozor Sobir ,Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki ,Rumi ,Gulnazar Keldi [ 95] [ 96] [ 97] [ 98] [ 99] [ 100] Thailand Sunthorn Phu [ 101] [ 102] Tibet Tsering Woeser [ 103] Turkey Rumi ,Nâzım Hikmet ,Ziya Gökalp ,Mehmet Âkif Ersoy [ 58] [ 104] [ 105] [ 106] Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy [ 107] Uzbekistan Ali-Shir Nava'i ,Abdulla Oripov ,Erkin Vohidov ,Gʻafur Gʻulom ,Mirtemir [ 108] Vietnam Nguyễn Du ,Nguyễn Đình Chiểu ,Hồ Xuân Hương [ 109] [ 110] [ 111] Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni ,Waddah al-Yaman [ 112] [ 113]
Country (or region) Poet Ref. Albania Gjergj Fishta ,Naim Frashëri [ 114] [ 115] Abkhazia Dmitry Gulia [ 116] Armenia Hovhannes Tumanyan ,Sayat-Nova ,Yeghishe Charents [ 117] [ 118] [ 119] Austria Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy ,Georg Trakl ,Rainer Maria Rilke [ 120] [ 121] [ 122] Azerbaijan Nizami Ganjavi ,Fuzûlî ,Imadaddin Nasimi ,Samad Vurgun [ 123] [ 124] [ 125] Bashkortostan Rami Garipov ,Mustai Karim [ 126] [ 127] [ 128] Basque Country Bernard Etxepare [ 129] Belarus Yanka Kupala ,Yakub Kolas [ 130] [ 131] Belgium Emile Verhaeren ,Maurice Maeterlinck [ 132] [ 133] Catalonia (Catalan Countries )Ausiàs March ,Jacint Verdaguer [ 134] [ 135] Chechnya Ismail Kerimov [ 136] Bosnia and Herzegovina Abdulah Sidran ,Mak Dizdar ,Izet Sarajlić [ 137] [ 138] Brittany Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué [ 139] Bulgaria Hristo Botev ,Ivan Vazov [ 140] [ 141] Carpathian Ruthenia Alexander Dukhnovych [ 142] Croatia Marko Marulić ,Ivan Gundulić [ 143] Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides [ 144] Czech Republic (Czech lands )Karel Hynek Mácha ,Jan Neruda [ 145] [ 146] Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov [ 147] Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger ,Hans Christian Andersen ,Søren Kierkegaard ,N. F. S. Grundtvig [ 148] [ 149] [ 150] Faroe Islands William Heinesen ,Nólsoyar Páll ,Mikkjal á Ryggi [ 151] [ 152] [ 153] England Geoffrey Chaucer ,William Shakespeare ,William Blake ,William Wordsworth ,Thomas Hardy ,W. H. Auden ,Samuel Taylor Coleridge ,Philip Larkin [ 154] [ 155] [ 156] [ 157] [ 158] [ 159] Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson ,Lydia Koidula [ 160] [ 161] Finland Eino Leino ,Johan Ludvig Runeberg [ 162] [ 163] [ 164] Flanders Émile Verhaeren ,Hendrik Conscience ,Guido Gezelle ,Hugo Claus [ 132] Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks)[ 165] France Charles Baudelaire ,Molière ,Victor Hugo [ 166] [ 167] Galicia Rosalía de Castro ,Ramón Cabanillas [ 168] [ 169] Georgia Shota Rustaveli [ 170] Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ,Friedrich von Schiller ,Heinrich Heine ,Bertolt Brecht ,Friedrich Hölderlin ,Novalis ,Friedrich Nietzsche ,Hermann Hesse ,Stefan George [ 171] [ 172] [ 173] [ 174] [ 175] [ 176] Greece Homer ,Sappho ,Pindar ,Solon ,Dionysios Solomos ,Odysseus Elytis [ 177] [ 178] [ 179] Guernsey George Métivier [ 180] Hungary Sándor Petőfi ,János Arany [ 181] [ 182] Iceland Jónas Hallgrímsson ,Hallgrímur Pétursson [ 183] [ 184] Ireland Thomas Moore ,William Butler Yeats ,Seamus Heaney ,Patrick Pearse [ 185] [ 186] [ 187] [ 188] [ 189] [ 190] Isle of Man T. E. Brown [ 191] Italy Ovid ,Virgil ,Horace ,Dante Alighieri ,Francesco Petrarca ,Giosuè Carducci ,Giacomo Leopardi ,Ugo Foscolo ,Gabriele D'Annunzio [ 192] [ 193] [ 194] [ 195] [ 196] [ 197] [ 198] Jersey Wace [ 199] Kosovo Ali Podrimja [ 200] Latvia Rainis ,Andrejs Pumpurs [ 201] [ 202] Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis ,Maironis ,Justinas Marcinkevičius ,Adomas Mickevičius [ 203] [ 204] [ 205] Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine ,Michel Lentz [ 206] [ 207] Malta Dun Karm Psaila [ 208] Moldova Grigore Vieru ,Mihai Eminescu [ 209] [ 210] Monaco Louis Notari [ 211] Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš [ 145] Netherlands Joost van den Vondel ,Jacob Cats [ 212] [ 213] North Macedonia Kočo Racin [ 214] North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov [ 215] Northern Cyprus Özker Yaşın [ 216] Norway Henrik Wergeland [ 217] Occitania Frédéric Mistral ,Arnaut Daniel ,Bernart de Ventadorn ,Comtessa de Dia [ 218] [ 219] [ 220] [ 221] Poland Adam Mickiewicz ,Juliusz Słowacki ,Zygmunt Krasiński [ 222] Portugal Luís de Camões ,Fernando Pessoa [ 223] [ 224] Provence Frédéric Mistral ,Comtessa de Dia [ 218] [ 221] Romania Mihai Eminescu [ 225] Russia Alexander Pushkin ,Anna Akhmatova ,Boris Pasternak ,Sergei Yesenin ,Ivan Turgenev ,Ivan Bunin [ 226] [ 227] [ 228] Sápmi Anders Fjellner [ 229] Scotland Robert Burns ,Hugh MacDiarmid [ 230] [ 231] Serbia Desanka Maksimović ,Petar II Petrović-Njegoš ,Jovan Sterija Popović ,Jovan Jovanović Zmaj [ 232] [ 233] [ 234] [ 235] Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav [ 236] Slovenia France Prešeren [ 237] Spain Miguel de Cervantes ,Lope de Vega ,Federico García Lorca [ 1] [ 238] Styria Peter Rosegger [ 239] Sweden Carl Michael Bellman ,Gustaf Fröding ,Verner von Heidenstam ,Esaias Tegnér [ 240] [ 241] [ 242] [ 243] Switzerland Gottfried Keller ,Carl Spitteler [ 244] [ 245] Tatarstan Ğabdulla Tuqay ,Musa Cälil ,Ravil Fayzullin ,Fänis Yarullin [tt ] [ 246] [ 247] [ 248] [ 249] Turkey Yunus Emre ,Mehmet Akif Ersoy ,Nâzım Hikmet [ 250] [ 251] Ukraine Lesya Ukrainka ,Taras Shevchenko ,Ivan Franko [ 252] [ 253] [ 254] Wales Dylan Thomas ,Dafydd ap Gwilym [ 255] [ 256] [page needed
Country or Territory Poets Ref. Barbados Kamau Brathwaite [ 257] Canada Margaret Atwood ,E. Pauline Johnson ,E. J. Pratt ,Al Purdy ,Milton Acorn [ 258] [ 259] [ 260] Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría ,Jorge Debravo [ 261] [ 262] Cuba José Martí ,Lezama Lima ,Agustín Acosta (1955),Nicolás Guillén (1961),Nancy Morejón (2018)[ 263] [ 264] [ 265] [ 266] [ 267] Curaçao Pierre Lauffer [ 268] Dominican Republic Pedro Mir [ 269] El Salvador Roque Dalton [ 270] Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund [ 271] Guadeloupe Guy Tirolien [ 272] Guatemala Rafael Landívar [ 273] Haiti Oswald Durand [ 274] Honduras Roberto Sosa [ 275] Jamaica Claude McKay [ 276] Martinique Aimé Césaire [ 277] [ 278] Mexico Octavio Paz ,Ramón López Velarde ,Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz [ 279] Nicaragua Rubén Darío [ 280] Panama Ricardo Miró [ 281] [ 282] Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos ,Giannina Braschi ,Juan Antonio Corretjer ,Lola Rodríguez de Tió ,Nimia Vicéns [ 283] [ 284] [ 285] [ 286] [ 287] Quebec Émile Nelligan ,Gaston Miron ,Gilles Vigneault ,Octave Crémazie [ 288] [ 289] [ 290] [ 291] [ 292] Saint Lucia Derek Walcott [ 293] Sint Maarten Lasana M. Sekou [ 294] [ 295] Trinidad and Tobago E. M. Roach [ 296] United States Walt Whitman ,Emily Dickinson ,Robert Frost ,William Carlos Williams ,Ralph Waldo Emerson ,Carl Sandburg ,Maya Angelou ,Gwendolyn Brooks ,Langston Hughes ,Jack Kerouac ,James Wright ,Allen Ginsberg [ 297] [ 298] [ 299] [ 300] [ 301] [ 302] [ 303] [ 304]
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