Anational park is anature park designated forconservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards for national park designation, the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride[1] is a common motivation for the continued protection of all national parks around the world. National parks are almost always accessible to the public.[2] Usually national parks are developed, owned and managed by national governments, though in some countries withfederal ordevolved forms of government, "national parks" may be the responsibility of subnational, regional, or local authorities.[a]
The United States establishedYellowstone National Park, the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," in 1872.[3] Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" at the time, in practice[4] it is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world.[5] TheTobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776)[6] and the area surroundingBogd Khan Uul Mountain (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from cultivation to protect surrounding farmland, are considered the oldest legallyprotected areas.[7][8]Parks Canada, established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service.[9]
The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is theNortheast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974 and is 972,000 km2 (375,000 sq mi) in area.[11]
In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:[14]
One or severalecosystems not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty;
Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as soon as possible in the whole area and to effectively enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment; and
Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.
In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include:
Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence
Statutory legal protection
Budget and staff sufficient to provide effective protection
Prohibition ofexploitation of natural resources (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.
While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example:[2][15]
Etniko Ygrotopiko Parko Delta Evrou, Greece: IUCN VI – Managed Resource Protected Area
While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate theFederation of Australia; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces.[2] In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are still national parks by the IUCN definition.[16]
In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks.[2]
As many countries do not adhere to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely.In the United Kingdom, and in some other countries such asTaiwan, a "national park" simply describes a general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists, with some form of planning restrictions to ensure it maintains those characteristics. There may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park.
Conversely, parks that meet the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead.
Starting in 1735 theNaples government undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as agame reserve by the royal family;Procida was the first protected site;[18] the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve,[19] is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves.[citation needed]
In 1810, the English poetWilliam Wordsworth described theLake District as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy."[20] The painterGeorge Catlin, in his travels through theAmerican West, wrote during the 1830s thatNative Americans in the United States might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in amagnificent park ... Anation's Park, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!"[21]
First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley
The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when PresidentAndrew Jackson signed legislation that the22nd United States Congress had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is nowHot Springs, Arkansas, to protect the natural,thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government.[22][23][24] It was known asHot Springs Reservation, but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.[22] The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First LadyLady Bird Johnson to name a few.[25]
John Muir is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.[26] He published two influential articles inThe Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation.[27][28]
PresidentAbraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding theYosemite Valley and theMariposa Grove ofgiant sequoias (later becomingYosemite National Park) to the state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later.[29][30]
In 1872,Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States' first national park,[31] being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection andnature reserves already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as a part of theForest of Fontainebleau (France, 1861).[32]
Yellowstone was part of afederally governed territory. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and theNorthern Pacific Railroad ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park.Theodore Roosevelt and his group of conservationists, theBoone and Crockett Club, were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview.[citation needed]
AmericanPulitzer Prize-winning authorWallace Stegner wrote: "National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst."[33]
The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'sMackinac National Park, in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status.[34][35])
Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what is nowRoyal National Park was established just south ofSydney,Colony of New South Wales, on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park.[36] Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence.[35][37][38]
Abisko National Park, Sweden, one of the first national parks established in Europe
In Europe, the first national parks were a set of nine inSweden in 1909, following the passing of aRiksdag law on national parks that year. Switzerland became the second European nation with the founding of theSwiss National Park in 1914. In 1971,Lahemaa National Park inEstonian SSR became the first area to be designated a national park in the formerSoviet Union.
AfterWorld War II, national parks were founded all over the world. TheUnited Kingdom designated its first national park,Peak District National Park, in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of the decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK.[39]
In 1989, theQomolangma National Nature Preserve (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope ofMount Everest in theTibet Autonomous Region of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world:Everest,Lhotse,Makalu, andCho Oyu. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.[41]
In 1993, theBlue and John Crow Mountains National Park was established inJamaica to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas.[42] The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak (Blue Mountain Peak), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.[43]
The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada.[44][45] TheDominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (nowParks Canada), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.[46] Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000 km2 of national park space.[47]
Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S.National Park Service (NPS). The64th United States Congress passed theNational Park Service Organic Act, whichPresident Woodrow Wilson signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the 433 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park.[48]
Countries with a largeecotourism industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.[49]
Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, amegadiverse country, tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999.[49] The termnational park is perceived as abrand name that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure".[50]
The duties of apark ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also includeheritage interpretation to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger.[51] Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement.[52] They control traffic, manage permits for various uses, and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.[51]
National parks in formerEuropean colonies have come under criticism for allegedly perpetuatingcolonialism. National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be set aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came about during theAmerican frontier and were meant to be monuments to America's true history.[53] Yet, in some instances, the lands that were to be set aside and protected in formerly colonized lands were already being inhabited by native communities, who were then removed off of these lands to create pristine sites for public consumption. Critics claim that the removal of people from national parks enhances the belief that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it, and that this leads to perpetuating the dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as thenature–culture divide). They see the creation of national parks as a form of eco-land grabbing.[54] Others claim that traveling to national parks to appreciate nature there leads people to ignore the nature that exists around them every day. Still others argue that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are being visited.[55]
^In Australia, the vast majority of "national parks" are managed by state governments rather than the federal government; for example,Royal National Park, mentioned in this article as one of the earliest national parks, is actually owned and operated byNew South Wales. Similarly, the province ofQuebec, Canada, uses the designation "national park" for all of itsprovincially owned and operated parks.National parks in the United Kingdom are devolved to various authorities at the subnational and local levels.
^Vereinte Nationen; World Conservation Monitoring Centre, eds. (1994).1993 United Nations list of national parks and protected areas: = Liste des Nations Unies des parcs nationaux et des aires protégées 1993 = Lista de las Naciones Unidas de parques nacionales y areas protegidas 1993. Gland: IUCN/UICN.ISBN978-2-8317-0190-5.
^"Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 3 January 2015. Retrieved12 January 2024.Oddly shaped rock pillars sculpted by wind and sea create the unique islandscape of the natural reserve
^Museo privato Agriturismo Maria Sofia di Borbone, Azienda Agricola Le Tre Querce, Seminara, Calabria, organised by the Study Centre for Environmental Education in the Mediterranean Area of Reggio, Italy
^Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch,In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet, National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23
^"Mackinac Island".Michigan State Housing Development Authority.Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved9 January 2016.
^abKim Allen Scott, 2011 "Robertson's Echo The Conservation Ethic in the Establishment of Yellowstone and Royal National Parks" Yellowstone Science 19:3
^abU.S. Office of Personnel Management.Handbook of occupational groups and families. Washington, D.C. January 2008. Page 19.OPM.govArchived 3 January 2009 at theWayback Machine Accessed 2 November 2014.
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