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National conservatism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Strand of conservatism

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Conservatism
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Nationalism

National conservatism is a variant ofconservatism that prioritises the defense ofnational andcultural identity, often based on a theory of thefamily as a model for the state.[1] It is oriented towards upholding nationalsovereignty, which includes opposingillegal immigration orimmigration per se and having a strong military.[2][3][4][5] National conservatism departs fromeconomic liberalism andlibertarianism and takes a more pragmatic approach toregulatory economics andprotectionism.[6][7][8][9] It opposes the basic precepts ofenlightenmentliberalism such asindividualism and the universality ofhuman rights, and in America and Europe is majoritarianpopulist.[10] National-conservative parties often have roots in rural environments, contrasting with the more urban support base ofliberal-conservative parties.[11]

InEurope, national conservatives usually embrace some form ofEuroscepticism.[12][13][14] Inpost-communistcentral andeastern Europe specifically, most conservative parties since 1989 have followed a national conservative ideology.[15] Most notable isViktor Orbán inHungary, who has explicitly described hisFidesz's ideology as being national conservative in character and whose government is involved in the funding and spread of national conservative institutions across Europe and theUnited States, such as theDanube Institute, theMathias Corvinus Collegium,The European Conservative magazine and theNational Conservatism Conference.[3][4][16][17][18][19][20] In the United States,Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism,[21][22][23] which also gives its name to theNational Conservatism Conference, organised by theEdmund Burke Foundation.[24]

Ideology

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National conservatism focuses on "threats to moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberalism'srelativism".[25]: 1089  It rejects the basic precepts of enlightenment liberalism, such asindividualism and the universality ofhuman rights. In America and Europe, national conservatives aremajoritarianpopulists and advocate for fewer limits on the power of elected representatives to "smash the liberal state".[10] It opposes modernity, secularism,liberalism,socialism,communism andanarchism, instead valuingEurope’s Christian heritage and "defending"Western civilization.[25]: 1099 [25]: 1093  National conservatism is silent on classical conservative thought expressed byMichael Oakeshott andEdmund Burke.[25]: 1099  InThe Virtue of Nationalism,Yoram Hazony criticisesJean-Jacques Rousseau andJohn Locke for creating a "dream world" in which the "Jewish and Christian world" have "no place to exist".[21] National conservatism disagrees with liberalism and socialism over the interpretation of key historical developments, such asthe Enlightenment,modernization, andemancipation, and key political events like those that occurred in1789,1968, and1989.Patrick Deneen argues that the "current elite" should be replaced with "a better aristocracy brought about by a muscular populism" to advance the "common good", with the common good loosely defined as "integration" that includes the reunification ofchurch and state.[21] While national conservatism distances itself from fascism, some forms of what scholars likeRoger Griffin term "para-fascism"—a type of authoritarian nationalism that seeks to preserve traditional structures rather than pursue apalingenetic ultranationalism—are seen as aligning more closely with the tenets of national conservatism than with purefascism.[26] In his 2022 bookConservatism: A Rediscovery, Hazony wrote that "in the political arena,conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[27][28][29][30] National conservatism distances itself fromfascism, viewing it—along with liberalism and socialism—as aspects of modernity that "disconnect human designs from normative order", instead calling for the "restoration and order" of social, moral, and political structures.[25]: 1099 

Social policies

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Ideologically, national conservatism is not uniform; adherents have broadly expressed support fornationalism,patriotism,cultural assimilationism, andmonoculturalism. At the same time, there is expressed opposition tointernationalism,racial politics,multiculturalism, andglobalism.[31][32][33] National conservatives adhere to a form ofcultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation ofnational identity as well ascultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into thedominant culture,restrictions on immigration and strictlaw and order policies.[4][3] National conservative parties support traditionalfamily values,gender roles, and the public role ofreligion,[3][34] being critical of theseparation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientistSieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition."[34] It opposes the "1968 agenda" of gender-related emancipation.[25]: 1099 

Economic policies

[edit]

National conservatives in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support ofcorporatism,mixed economy, andprotectionism to a morelaissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished fromliberal conservatives,[35] for whomfree market economic policies,deregulation, and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economically liberal conservatism: "Most parties ofthe Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalisedsocial,cultural and national conservatives."[35] National conservatism developed its economic alternative to liberalism through political representatives in post-communist Europe, most notably Poland and Hungary, and the emergence of "pro-worker conservatism" in the United States.[25]: 1095  Throughout the 1990s, economic positions of national conservatives were largelyfusionist.[25]: 1097  The works ofLeo Strauss andEric Voegelin have served as building blocks for the modern national conservative movement's socio-economic policies. Strauss's indictment of capitalism as 'economism' through the reduction of individual needs to consumption plays a role in national conservative thought, which argues forsolidarism and an increased statist role in the economy to bring about a moralizing "financial nationalism" in opposition to communism and the individualism of liberalism.[25]: 1097–1098  Depending on the country, this can include increased support ofprotectionism; increased state social spending for "pro-worker" and "pro-family" conservatism; the re-nationalization of banks and strategic enterprises; and opposing tax breaks.[25]: 1098–1099  It supports "social nativism" in East Asian state-led development as a socio-economic policy paradigm.[25]: 1093 

Foreign policy

[edit]

National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towardsmilitarism,unilateralism, andisolationism. They reject theinternationalism andmultilateralism that have characterized the modern age.[36][37] They often have a negative view of theUnited Nations, feeling that its multinational agenda erodes their unique national identity,[36][37] as well as theEuropean Union and other international organizations.[21]

Geography and demographics

[edit]

National conservatism has gained ground across theWestern world in recent decades, but has been particularly strong in certain countries and among certain demographic groups. Costas Panayotakis has argued that theeconomic inequality engendered byneoliberalism contributed to the rise of national conservatism.[38]

In the 2020s, national conservatism was described as causing a "new global divide", particularly in the Western world. Several very close elections pitted a national conservative candidate against a liberal candidate, with national conservative candidates sometimes winning. These included the2024 United States presidential election (Donald Trump defeatedKamala Harris by 1.5%) and the2025 Polish presidential election (Karol Nawrocki defeatedRafał Trzaskowski by 1.8%).[39] On the other hand, in the2025 Romanian presidential election centristNicușor Dan defeated thefar-right national conservativeGeorge Simion by 7.2%, though theFinancial Times still described this as a close election.[40]

National conservatism has gained notable ground inpost-communistEastern Europe (east of the formerIron Curtain). The national conservative and far-rightAlternative for Germany is strongest informer East Germany.[41] TheLaw and Justice party in Poland is strongest inPoland B, with Poland considered a post-communist European country.[42] Russia, under the rule ofVladimir Putin, has waged anirredentistinvasion of Ukraine since 2022. Putin has implemented and espoused national conservatism through his affiliatedUnited Russia party.[43][44][45]

Regional or regionalist parties can be nationalist or national conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs.South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national conservative" parties there represent itsGerman-speaking majority and identify with neighbouringAustria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.

List of national conservative political parties

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Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

[edit]

The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservatism:

Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

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National conservative groups in the European Parliament

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See also

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References

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