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National colours

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Colours that represent a nation
Part ofa series on
Nationalism

National colours are frequently part of a country's set ofnational symbols. Many states and nations have formally adopted a set ofcolours as their official "national colours" while others havede facto national colours that have become well known through popular use. National colours often appear on a variety of different media, from the nation'sflag to the colours used insports. BeforeWorld War I, they also served as the colours of different military uniforms for each nation or region.

Africa

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary
colours
Secondary
colours
PrimarySecondaryFurther
information
AlgeriaGreen, white and red   National colours of Algeria
AngolaRed, black and yellow   National colours of Angola
BeninGreen, yellow and red   National colours of Benin
BotswanaLight blue, black and white   National colours of Botswana
Burkina FasoRed, green and yellow   National colours of Burkina Faso
BurundiRed, white and green   National colours of Burundi
CameroonGreen, red and yellow   National colours of Cameroon
Cape VerdeBlue, white, red and yellow    National colours of Cape Verde
Central African RepublicBlue, white, green, yellow and red   
  
National colours of Central African Republic
ChadBlue, yellow and red   National colours of Chad
ComorosYellow, white, red, blue and green   
  
National colours of Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of theBlue, yellow and red   National colours of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Congo, Republic of theGreen, yellow and red   National colours of Congo Republic
DjiboutiLight blue, green, white and red    National colours of Djibouti
EgyptRed, white and blackGold    National colours of Egypt
Equatorial GuineaGreen, white, red and blue    National colours of Equatorial Guinea
EritreaGreen, blue, red and yellow    National colours of Eritrea
Eswatini (Swaziland)Blue, yellow, red, black and white   
  
National colours of Eswatini
EthiopiaGreen, yellow, red and blue    National colours of Ethiopia
GabonGreen, yellow and blue   
GambiaRed, blue, green and white    
GhanaRed, yellow, green and blackBlack and white (used in sports)      
GuineaRed, yellow and green   
Guinea-BissauRed, yellow, green and black    
Ivory CoastOrange, white and green   
KenyaBlack, red, green and white    
LesothoBlue, white, green and black    
LiberiaRed, white and blue   
LibyaRed, black, green and white    
MadagascarRed, green and white   
MalawiBlack, red and green   
MaliGreen, yellow and red   
MauritaniaGreen, yellow and red   
MauritiusRed, blue, yellow and green    
MoroccoRed and green  
MozambiqueGreen, yellow, red, black and white   
  
NamibiaBlue, red, green, white and yellow   
  
NigerOrange, white and green   
NigeriaGreen and white  
RwandaSky blue, yellow and green   
São Tomé and PríncipeGreen, yellow, red and black    
SenegalGreen, yellow and red   
SeychellesBlue, yellow, red, white and green   
  
Sierra LeoneGreen, white and blue   
SomaliaBlue and white  
South AfricaRed, green, blue, gold, black and white[1]Green and gold (used in sports)   
   
  
South SudanBlack, red, green, blue, yellow and white   
   
SudanRed, white, black and green    
TanzaniaGreen, yellow, blue and black    
TogoGreen, yellow, red and white    
TunisiaRed and white  
UgandaBlack, yellow and red   
ZambiaGreen, red, black and orange    
ZimbabweGreen, yellow, red, black and white   
  

North America

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary
colours
Secondary
colours
PrimarySecondaryFurther
information
Antigua and BarbudaRed, white, blue, black and yellow   
  
BahamasAquamarine, yellow and black   
BarbadosUltramarine, gold and black   
BelizeBlue, red and whiteSky blue (used in sports)    
CanadaRed and white[2]Black (only used in sports)   National colours of Canada
Costa RicaBlue, white and redBlack (used in sports)    
CubaBlue, white and redBlack    
DominicaGreen, yellow, black, white and redBlue (used in sports)   
  
 
Dominican RepublicBlue, white and red   
El SalvadorBlue and white  
GrenadaGreen, yellow and red   
GuatemalaBlue and whiteNavy blue and green-blue    
HaitiBlue and red[3]  
HondurasTurquoise blue and whiteNavy blue and midnight blue    
JamaicaGreen, gold and black   
MexicoGreen, white and redBlack, Indian red, magenta and lime green (used only in sports)       
NicaraguaBlue and whiteGold and denim (used only in sports)    
PanamaBlue, white and redMidnight blue and cadet blue (used only in sports)     
Saint Kitts and NevisGreen, red and whiteGold and black     
Saint LuciaLight blue, yellow, black and whiteBlue (only in sports)     
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesBlue, yellow and green   
Trinidad and TobagoRed, white and blackMaroon (only in sports)    
United StatesRed, white and blue[3]   List of U.S. state colors

Sub-national colours

[edit]
Country, nation or regionFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
AnguillaOrange, blue and white   
ArubaYellow, cerulean, white, red   
 
BermudaRed, blue and whitePrussian blue (used in sports)    
BonaireYellow, blue and white   
British Virgin IslandsGreen, yellow and white   
Cayman IslandsBlue, red and white   
CuraçaoBlue, yellow and white   
GuadeloupeGuadeloupeGreen, red and whiteBlack    
MartiniqueRed, green and blackBlue and white     
MontserratBlack, green, dark blue, red and white     
New BrunswickPine green, navy blue and white   SeeFlag of New Brunswick
Puerto RicoRed, white and blue   
QuebecRoyal Blue and white  SeeFlag of Quebec
Saint MartinYellow and blueDark blue, red and white     
Saint Pierre et MiquelonSaint Pierre and MiquelonBlue, white and red   
Sint MaartenSint MaartenRed, blue and white   
Turks and CaicosBlue, light blue, red and whiteGreen sheen (only in sports)     
US Virgin IslandsWhite, yellow and blueLight blue (used only in sports)    

South America

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary
colours
Secondary
colours
PrimarySecondaryFurther
information
ArgentinaLight blue and white[4]Blue and black (used in sports)    
BoliviaRed, yellow and greenWhite (used in sports)    
BrazilGreen and yellowBlue and white    
ChileRed, white and blue   
ColombiaYellow, blue and redDark blue and white (used in sports)     
EcuadorYellow, blue and redSky blue (used in sports)    
French GuianaYellow and greenBlue (used in sports)   
GuyanaYellow and greenRed and black    
ParaguayRed, white and blueBluegray (used in sports)    
PeruRed and white  
SurinameWhite and greenRed and gold    
UruguayBlue and whiteLight blue (used in sports)     Artigas flag,Flag of the Treinta y Tres
VenezuelaYellow, blue and redBurgundy, khaki, white and neon yellow (used in sports)      

Asia

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary
colours
Secondary
colours
PrimarySecondaryFurther
information
AfghanistanBlack, red, green and whiteBlue (Sports)     
BahrainRed and white  
BangladeshRed and greenWhite (football)[5]    Bangladesh First Flag of Bangladesh (1971)
BhutanOrange, gold and white   
BruneiYellow, black, white and redBlue and green (football)      
CambodiaRed and blueBlack (football)   
ChinaRed and yellowDark blue, black and white (sports)     
GeorgiaRed and white  
IndiaSaffron orange, blue, white and greenSky blue (sports)     
IndonesiaRed and white[6]Green (sports)   
IranGreen, white and redBlack    
IraqRed, white, black and green    
IsraelBlue and white[7]  National colours of Israel
JapanRed and whiteBlack (sports); Blue, white and spring bud (only used infootball)      
JordanBlack, white, green and red    
KazakhstanBlue and goldWhite and black (sports)    
Korea, North
(Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
Red, white and blue   
Korea, South
(Republic of Korea)
White, red, blue and black    
KuwaitGreen, white, red and blackBlue and red (sports)      
KyrgyzstanRed and yellow  
LaosRed, blue and whiteBlack, gold and sky blue (football)      
LebanonRed, white and green   
MalaysiaGold and blackRed, white, dark blue and gold      
MaldivesRed and whiteGreen and blue (football)    
MongoliaBlue, red and yellowWhite (sports)    
MyanmarYellow, green, red and white    
NepalCrimson, blue and white   
OmanRed, white and greenGold    
PakistanGreen and whiteLime green and gold (sports)    
PhilippinesBlue, red, white and yellow    
QatarMaroon and white  
Saudi ArabiaGreen and whiteLavender[8]   
SingaporeRed and whiteBlue (football)   
Sri LankaBlue and yellowMaroon, yellow, orange, green (flag colours) and white       
SyriaRed, white, black and greenGray and gold      
TajikistanRed, white and green   
ThailandRed, white and blueRoyal yellow, royal purple and blue sapphire      Royal flags of Thailand
Timor-LesteRed, yellow, black and white    
TurkmenistanGreen and whiteSand   
United Arab EmiratesRed, green, white and blackGold and blue      
UzbekistanBlue, white, green and redBlack (sports)     
VietnamYellow and redBlue and White (sports)    
YemenRed, white and black   

Sub-national colours

[edit]
Country, nation or regionFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
Hong KongRed and whiteBlack and gray    
MacauGreen and whiteWhite and dark blue(sports)    

Europe

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary
colours
Secondary
colours
PrimarySecondaryFurther information
AlbaniaRed and black  
AndorraBlue, yellow and red   
ArmeniaRed, blue and orange   
AustriaRed and white  
AzerbaijanSky blue, red and green   
BelarusRed, green and white   
BelgiumRedBlack and yellow; Light blue(used in sports)[9]    
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBlue and goldWhite(used in football)   
BulgariaWhite, green and red   
CroatiaRed, white and blue   
Czech RepublicWhite, red and blue[10][11][12]   National colours of the Czech Republic
CyprusBlue and whiteOrange   
DenmarkRed and white  
EstoniaBlue, black and white[13]   
FinlandWhite and blueRed and gold    
FranceBlue, white and red[14]   
GeorgiaRed and white  
GermanyBlack, red and goldWhite;Silver(used in motor racing); Green(used in football)      National colours of Germany
GreeceBlue and white  National colours of Greece
HungaryRed, white and dark green   
IcelandBlue, white and red   
IrelandGreenSt. Patrick's blue, white, orange    
ItalyGreen, white and red[15]Azure    National colours of Italy
LatviaCarmine and white  
LiechtensteinBlue and red  
LithuaniaYellow, green and red   
LuxembourgRed, white and light blue   
MaltaRed and white  
MoldovaBlue, yellow and red   
MonacoRed and white  
MontenegroRed and gold  
NetherlandsOrangeRed, white and blue (flag)    Orange refers to theDutch royal family, theHouse of Orange-Nassau.
North MacedoniaRed and yellowWhite(used by the national football team)   
NorwayRed, blue and white   
PolandWhite and red  
PortugalGreen and red(Before the1910 revolution: White and blue)    
RomaniaBlue, yellow and red   
RussiaWhite, blue and redGreen    
San MarinoWhite and light blue  
SerbiaRed, blue and white[16][17][18]   National colours of Serbia
SlovakiaWhite, blue and red   
SloveniaWhite, blue and red[19]Green, blue and white (sports)[20]      
SpainRed and gold(During theSecond Spanish Republic: also purple)     
SwedenBlue and yellow  SeeFlag of Sweden
SwitzerlandRed and white  
TurkeyRed and whiteTurquoise   
UkraineBlue and gold  National colours of Ukraine
United KingdomRed, white and blueBritish racing green    National colours of the United Kingdom

Sub-national colours

[edit]
Country, nation or regionFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
ÅlandÅlandBlue, yellow and red   
AndaluciaGreen and white  
Basque CountryBasque Country (autonomous community)Green and redWhite   
BavariaBavariaSky blue and white  SeeFlag of Bavaria
BrittanyBrittanyBlack and white  
Brussels RegionBrusselsBlue and yellowGrey   
Canary IslandsCanary IslandsYellow, blue and white   
CataloniaCataloniaRed and yellow  
CornwallCornwallBlack and white  
Dublin CityDublinGreen and blue  It is common to see dark blue and light blue flown for Dublin, but this is theGAA colours forDublin county.
EnglandEnglandRed and whiteBlue(sports)   
Faroe IslandsFaroe IslandsWhite, blue and red   
FlandersFlandersBlack and yellow  
FrieslandFrieslandBlue, white and red   
GaliciaGalicia (Spain)Sky blue and white  
GibraltarGibraltarRed and white  
GuernseyGuernseyRed and whiteGreen(sports)   SeeFlag of Guernsey
Isle of ManRed and greyYellow(sports)   Yellow is the colour of the unofficialnational football team.
JerseyJerseyRed and white  
Northern IrelandRed and whiteGreen and white(sports)    Green and white is in reference to thenational football team
SaxonySaxonyGreen and white  
ScotlandScotlandBlue and white  
WalesWalesRed, green and whiteYellow    Yellow is in reference to the colour of the national flower of Wales, thedaffodil.
WalloniaWalloniaRed and yellow  

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
AustraliaGreen and goldBlue and white    National colours of Australia
FijiLight blueWhite and black (rugby and other sports)   
KiribatiRed, gold, blue and white    
New ZealandBlack[21]White, silver, ochre red, teal and beige (used by thecricket team in the 1980s)      National colours of New Zealand
Papua New GuineaRed, black, yellow and white    
SamoaRed, white and blue   
Solomon IslandsOlive green, yellow and blueGreen and white     
TongaRed and white  
TuvaluSky blue, yellow and whiteBlue    
VanuatuRed, green, black and yellow    

Sub-national colours

[edit]
Country, nation or regionFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
American SamoaBlue, red and white   
Cook IslandsGreen and white  
French PolynesiaRed and white  
GuamIndigo and redBlue and white    
New CaledoniaGray, white and red   
NiueGolden yellow and blue  
Australian Capital TerritoryDark blue, white and gold[22]   seeSport in Australian Capital Territory
New South WalesSky blue[23]Navy blue and white   seeSport in New South Wales
Northern TerritoryBlack, White and Ochre[24]   seeSport in Northern Territory
QueenslandMaroon[25]White and gold   seeSymbols of Queensland
South AustraliaRed, gold and dark blue[26]   seeSport in South Australia
TasmaniaBottle green, yellow and maroon[27][28]   seeSport in Tasmania
VictoriaNavy blue and silver[29]White   seeSport in Victoria
Western AustraliaGold and blackWhite   seeSport in Western Australia

Countries with limited or no recognition

[edit]

These are the national colours forcountries or states that have limited or no recognition.

CountryFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
AbkhaziaAbkhaziaGreen, white and red   
KosovoBlue, gold and whiteBlack    
PalestineBlack, white, green and red    
SomalilandSomalilandGreen, white and red   
South OssetiaSouth OssetiaWhite, red and yellow   
Taiwan
(Republic of China)
Blue, white and redVerdigris(University Sports)    
TransnistriaTransnistriaRed and green  
Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusNorthern CyprusRed and white  
Western Sahara
(Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)
Black, white, green and red    

Former countries

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
Austria-HungaryAustria-HungaryBlack and goldRed, white and green     Flags of Austria-Hungary
Black and gold were the colours of the rulingHabsburg monarchy
Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)Republic of ArtsakhRed, blue and orangeWhite    
Byzantine EmpireRed, gold andpurple   Byzantine flags and insignia
China
(Republic of China, 1912-1949)
Blue, white and red   
Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of AmericaBlue, white and redCadet grey    Cadet grey was an official colour of theConfederate States Army
CzechoslovakiaBlue, white and red   
East GermanyBlack, red and goldBlue    National colours of Germany
France
(Kingdom of France 987–1792, 1814–1848)
White and blue  French Blue,French Flags
German EmpireBlack, white and red   German Flags
Göktürk KhaganateSky blue 
Holy Roman EmpireGold and blackWhite and red    Flags of the Holy Roman Empire
Nazi GermanyBlack, white and redBrown    German Flags
Neutral Moresnet
Black, white and navy   
Portugal(Kingdom of Portugal 1139-1910)Kingdom of PortugalBlue and white  
Republic of Texasred, white and blue   Texas is a current state of the United States but was a former independent republic from 1839-1845.
RhodesiaGreen 
Soviet UnionRedGold  
South Africa(pre-1994)
Orange, white and blueGreen (sports)    
South Yemen
Red, sky blue, white and black    
YugoslaviaBlue, white and red   

Caliphates

[edit]
CountryFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
Umayyad CaliphateError:Template:Country data Umayyad Caliphate does not existWhite 
Abbasid CaliphateBlack Black Standard
Fatimid CaliphateWhite 
Ottoman EmpireRed 

Ancient/Imperial Chinese dynasties

[edit]
See also:colour in Chinese culture
DynastyFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
Xia dynastyBlack, grue  [30]Green/blue in China
Shang dynastyWhite [30]
Zhou dynastyRed [30]
Qin dynastyBlack [30]
Han dynastyBlack (206 BC-104 BC)
Yellow (104 BC-26 AD)
Red (26 AD-220 AD)
 
 
 
[30]
Former Wei dynastyYellow [30]
Jin dynastyRed [30]
Liu Song dynastyRed [30]
Southern Qi dynastyRed [30]Green/blue in China
Liang dynastyRed [30]
Chen dynastyRed [30]
Northern Wei dynastyYellow (399-491)
Black (491-535)
 
 
[30]
Northern Qi dynastyBlack [30]
Northern Zhou dynastyBlack [30]
Sui dynastyRed [30]
Tang dynastyYellow (618-750)
Reddish Yellow (750-907)
 
 
[30]
Liao dynastyBlack [30]
Later Jin dynastyWhite [30]
Song dynastyRed [30]
Western Xia dynastyWhite [30]
Jin dynastyWhite [30]
Yuan dynastyWhite [30]
Ming dynastyRed [30]
Qing dynastyYellow [30]Imperial yellow jacket
Yellow Dragon Flag

Supranational organisations

[edit]

Some notedsupranational organisations like theUnited Nations and theEuropean Union have their own colours as part of theirbranding andmarketing. They are usually taken from the organisation's flag. Although they do not have national sporting teams, the colours can be used for anything connected to the organisation, like associated bodies.

OrganisationFlagPrimary coloursSecondary coloursPrimarySecondaryFurther information
African UnionGreen and gold  Flag of the African Union
Arab League
GreenRed, black and white    Flag of the Arab League,Pan-Arab colours
Association of Southeast Asian NationsBlue, red and yellowBrown    Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic CooperationGreen and yellowBlue and white    
Caribbean Community
Sky blue, dark blue and yellowMaroon(sports)    Maroon is the colour of theWest Indies cricket team. Although they are not an officially part of CARICOM, most members of the community are members of theCricket West Indies. CARICOM sees the organisation as an associated institute of Community.[31]
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Blue and white  Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Eurasian Economic Union
WhiteBlue and gold   Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union
European UnionReflex blue and gold  Flag of Europe
Mercosur
White and blueGreen   Flag of Mercosur
NATODark Blue Flag of NATO
Nordic Council
Blue and white  Flag of the Nordic Council;Design Manual of the Nordic Council - Colours
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
White, green and blackRed    SeeFlag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation andGreen in Islam
Organization of Turkic States
Turquoise Although theflag of the Organization of Turkic States is light blue and white, turquoise is the colour most associated with the Turkic region.
South Asian Association for Regional CooperationGold and white  
United NationsLight blue and white  Flag of the United Nations

Examples of use of these colours

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"National flag". South African Government. 2018-02-19.
  2. ^"National Colours: Red and White". Government of Canada. Retrieved2013-10-26.
  3. ^ab"National Symbols".The World Factbook (52nd ed.). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Public Affairs. 2014.ISBN 978-0-16-092553-5.OCLC 913577992. Archived fromthe original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved2015-05-02.
  4. ^"Símbolos nacionales". Government of Argentina. Archived fromthe original on 2015-10-09.La primera enseña patria es la Bandera Nacional. Creada por el generalManuel Belgrano el 27 de febrero de 1812, fue consagrada con los mismos coloures 'celeste y blanco' por elCongreso de Tucumán el 20 de julio de 1816 y ratificada por el mismo cuerpo enBuenos Aires, el 25 de febrero de 1818.
  5. ^"Bangladesh national team". Colours of Football. Retrieved2018-07-11.
  6. ^Minahan, James B. (2009).The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. ABC-CLIO. p. 65.ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8. Retrieved2015-10-26.National colours: Red and white
  7. ^"Israel National Symbols: The Israeli Flag". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved2014-06-11.
  8. ^Noor, Saleha (2023)."Lavender and the Kingdom: Vogue Arabia Celebrates Saudi Arabia's New Color Identity".Vogue Arabia. Retrieved2024-01-28.
  9. ^"Rode Duivels brengen eerbetoon aan wielrenners met uitshirts". Sporza. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2016-08-20.
  10. ^"Státní symboly".hrad.cz.
  11. ^"Symboly současné České republiky".vlast.cz.
  12. ^"Státní symboly České republiky". toulkypocechach.com. Archived fromthe original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved2014-01-26.
  13. ^"National symbols of Estonia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved2016-07-29.
  14. ^"Le drapeau tricolour" [The Tricolour Flag] (in French). 2002-06-20. Archived fromthe original on 2005-01-28. Retrieved2015-07-18.Le pavillon, ainsi que le drapeau national, sera formé des trois couleurs nationales disposées en trois bandes égales, de manière à ce que le bleu soit attaché à la garde du pavillon, le blanc au milieu et le rouge flottant.
  15. ^Ferorelli, Nicola (1925).La vera origine del tricoloure italiano. Rassegna storica del Risorgimento. Vol. 12. pp. 654–680.
  16. ^The Journal of the Orders & Medals Research Society of Great Britain. Orders and Medals Research Society. 1969. p. 207).
  17. ^Chronicles. Rockford Institute. 1994. p. 39.
  18. ^Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (2006).The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia 1992–2001. Osprey Publishing. p. 58.ISBN 978-1-84176-964-6.
  19. ^"National Insignia". Government of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived fromthe original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved2016-08-21.the three national colours (white, blue and red) of Carniola - the central historic state on the territory of the Slovenian people - are used
  20. ^"Sport in Slovenia"(PDF). Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved2016-08-21.The Olympic Committee of Slovenia suggests that sports organisations use the following ratio when designing national sports equipment: 50% green, 30% blue and 20% white.
  21. ^"Design of The New Zealand Orders Insignia". The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet,Government of New Zealand. Archived fromthe original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved2013-03-20.
  22. ^"ACT Flags and Emblems".ACT Government Chief Minister's Department. 27 February 2023.
  23. ^Symbols and emblems of NSWArchived 2010-03-27 at theWayback Machine
  24. ^"Northern Territory Flag".Department of the Chief Minister. Archived fromthe original on 2010-03-08.
  25. ^"State colour".Department of the Premier and Cabinet.
  26. ^"State Emblems and Insignia". Archived fromthe original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved2016-09-09., Government of South Australia
  27. ^Department of Premier and Cabinet - TASMANIA : Sporting colours
  28. ^"Tasmanian Sporting Colours - Story of their Origin".The Mercury. 13 February 1925.
  29. ^"Ensigns of Public Authority".Department of Premier and Cabinet. Archived fromthe original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved2019-05-30.
  30. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxGao, Jingyi (2012)."Official Colours of Chinese Regimes: A Panchronic Philological Study with Historical Account of China"(PDF).Trames. A Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. 16(66/61) (3). Estonian Academy Publishers:237–285.doi:10.3176/tr.2012.3.03.
  31. ^"West Indies Cricket Board".CARICOM. Retrieved2020-06-23.
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