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| Founded | April 1, 1968; 57 years ago (1968-04-01) |
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| Founder | National Conference of Catholic Bishops[1] |
| EIN 52-0986195 | |
| Location | |
| Members | 7 million[citation needed] |
Key people | Carol Tobias, President James Bopp, Jr, General Council |
| Revenue | $5,717,028 (2012–2013) |
| Expenses | $6,288,548 (2012–2013) |
| Website | nrlc.org |
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| Part ofa series of articles on |
| Abortion and the Catholic Church |
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TheNational Right to Life Committee (NRLC) is the oldest and largest nationalanti-abortion organization in theUnited States with affiliates in all 50 states and more than 3,000 local chapters nationwide.[2][N 1]
Since the 1980s, NRLC has influenced abortion policy at national and state levels throughcampaign financing of anti-abortion (and almost exclusively Republican) candidates and writingmodel legislation that would restrict or ban abortion.
The national organization of National Right to Life comprises the:
In 1966 the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) askedJames T. McHugh to begin observing trends in the reform of policy onabortion. At the time then McHugh was Director of theUnited States Catholic Conference (USCC) Family Life Bureau, and later became theBishop of Camden and thenof Rockville Centre.[3] The NCCB asked McHugh during its annual conference in April 1967 to organize the National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) and fund the established NRLC with $50,000 to "initiate and coordinate a program of information" with state affiliates that would inform stakeholders of the wave of proposed state legislation to liberalize statutes prohibiting abortion.[3][4]
The National Right to Life Committee was formalized in 1968. McHugh hired executive assistant Michael Taylor to help with the day-to-day needs of the organization. In October 1968, they published the first NRLC newsletter formally introducing the organization and providing information on the efforts to change abortion laws. On the state level, independent right to life organizations were beginning to form and began to rely on NRLC for direction and information. The newsletter lasted until 1971.[3]
NRLC held its first meeting of nationwide anti-abortion leaders inChicago,Illinois in 1970 atBarat College.New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the first President of NRLC. In the following year NRLC held its first convention atMacalester College inSaint Paul,Minnesota.[3]
"The only reason that we have a pro-life movement in this country is because of the Catholic people and the Catholic Church", stated the executive director of NRLC James T. McHugh in 1973.[5][6]
The NRLC was formally incorporated in May 1973, in response to theRoe v. Wade ruling of theUS Supreme Court and the desire to gain autonomy apart from theCatholic Church, to attract moreProtestants to the organization.[7] The National Conference of Catholic Bishops launched a campaign to amend theUnited States Constitution by enacting aHuman Life Amendment that not only invalidatedRoe v. Wade but also prohibited both theUS Congress and the States from legalizing abortion in the United States.[8][9][10] Its first convention as an incorporated organization was held the following month inDetroit,Michigan. At the concurrent meeting of NRLC's Board, Ed Golden ofNew York was elected president. Among the founding members wasMildred Jefferson, the first African-American woman to graduate fromHarvard Medical School. Jefferson subsequently served as president in 1975.[11]
Erma Clardy Craven spoke out against the increasing alignment of anti-abortion groups and theAmerican right.[12]
In 1978, NRLC found itself $100,000 in debt after Jefferson's presidency. Rather than acknowledge her record, she left the organization to form the Right to Life Crusade.[7] On April 1, 1979, theAmerican Life League (ALL) was founded[13][14] byJudie Brown, former public relations director of NRLC, and 9 others after a schism within the NRLC.
Since its incorporation, the NRLC prioritized its politics over getting publicity due to its concern of being portrayed in a poor light and lack of funds.[15] By 1980 NRLC's annual budget increased to $1,600,000 and retained a membership of 11 million, allowing the organization to invest in media strategy and establish its media department in 1984.[16][15] By 1985, the organization had a communications department that produced and distributed a radio program, media campaigns, and maintained press connections. Its media strategy worked to create a public image that differentiated the NRLC from allies by using medical professionals, including its president and primary spokespersonJohn Willke.[15][17] One hallmark of their media campaign was utilizing the slogan "Love them Both" which embraces claims of women's rights and welfare through compassion to gain the support of those ambivalent on the issue.[18]
In 1995, the NRLC coined the term "partial-birth abortion" to describe a new medical procedure also known as "dilation and extraction," or D&X, and "intact D&E" in which the fetus is removed intact from the uterus after 20 weeks gestation. The organization illustrated and published drawings of the procedure in booklets and paid newspaper advertisements to generate public opposition to both the procedure and abortion in general.[19] The NRLC criticizedBill Clinton's1995 veto of a bill that would ban the procedure.[20] The phrase was used by Congress in thePartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.[21]
In 1992 and 1998,Fortune magazine recognized the NRLC as the most publicly recognized and politically effective anti-abortion organization.[15] In 1999,Fortune ranked them as the 8th most influential public policy group working in Washington, DC.[22]
In 1984 the Committee co-produced the documentaryThe Silent Scream onabortion withBernard Nathanson. In 1985, following 2 years of aboycott of a product of theUpjohn Company that NRLC coordinated, the Company ceased all research on abortifacient drugs. Three years later, NRLC joined other anti-abortion organizations in saying that if any company sold an abortifacient drug, the millions of Americans who opposedabortion wouldboycott all the products of that company.[23]
In the 1990s the NRLC began a nationwide grassroots lobbying campaign against theFreedom of Choice Act, and announced a boycott of the French pharmaceutical companyRoussel Uclaf and its American affiliates for permitting its abortion drug,mifepristone, into theUnited States.[24] The U.S. National Right to Life Committee announced a 1994 U.S. boycott of all Hoechst pharmaceutical products includingAltace, targeting the abortion pill RU-486.[25]
According to Keri Folmar, the lawyer responsible for the language of thePartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the term "partial-birth abortion" was developed in early 1995 at a meeting of herself, Charles T. Canady, and NRLC lobbyist Douglas Johnson.[26] The phrase elicited strong negative reactions from a focus group and became a key phrase in NRLC's attack on abortion.[17]
In 1978,James Bopp was hired to serve as legal counsel[27] and the NRLC became more involved in elections to further influence state and federal legislation to advance their anti-abortion position. In 1980, the National Right to Life Political Action Committee (NRL PAC) was founded to support anti-abortion candidates, mostly Republicans.[28][29] Also that year, Bopp led a walkout of conservative delegates from a White House Conference on Families[30] and defended the NRLC's1980 presidential election voter guides from legal challenges of improper electioneering by a nonprofit.[31]
By the 1990s, the NRLC became a major player in campaign financing through its $2 million campaign contributions in the1996 presidential election. In 1999, the NRLC aggressively lobbied against the 1999 Shays-Meehan bill, which later became theBipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), because it would reclassify many of its and other nonpartisan groups' ads as campaign contributions. A bipartisan group of legislators includingJohn McCain,Ronnie Shows, andZach Wamp criticized the organization for getting involved in issues that did not affect the unborn.[32] Legislative Director Douglas Johnson defended the NRLC's involvement in campaign financing, saying that the bill "would cripple the prolife movement."[33]
In 2003, Bopp filed a lawsuit on behalf of the NRLC against theFederal Election Commission about whether BCRA violates theFirst Amendment in its prohibition of the use of"soft money" in campaign financing. On May 1, 2003, the district court issued judgment on the case and the NRLC appeals to the Supreme Court.[34] Later that year, the case was consolidated along with eleven other lawsuits intoMcConnell v. FEC.[35] In the ruling, theSupreme Court upheld the control of soft money and the regulation of electioneering communications in BCRA.[36]
The death ofJustice William Rehnquist and retirement ofJustice Sandra Day O’Connor changed the Supreme Court to a conservative majority, and in 2007 NRLC's affiliate Wisconsin Right to Life brought a case against the FEC again challenging BCRA provisions. InFEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., the justices held that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election.[37]
At the national and state level, NRLC writesmodel legislation that lawmakers can utilize in bills to restrict or ban abortion.[38][39] Their legislation is written with the composition of the Supreme Court in mind, so that the court would be less likely to block it afterwards. For instance, when JusticeAnthony Kennedy was on the bench, bills were introduced that would ban abortion after 20 weeks. After the conservativeGorsuch,Barrett andKavanaugh were appointed, legislations began to passtrigger laws.[38]
Prior to the ruling onDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, NRLC released model legislation that bans all abortions unless "necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman".[39] Enforcement strategies of the legislation include criminal penalties for anyone aiding or abetting a person seeking an abortion, selling or distributing of abortifacients, and transporting a pregnant minor to obtain an abortion.[40]
In 2022, responding to reports thata 10-year-old rape victim obtained an abortion, the group's general counselJames Bopp said that the group's proposed legislation would have banned that abortion; he also said that they believed she should have carried the baby, and "as many women who have had babies as a result of rape, we would hope that she would understand the reason and ultimately the benefit of having the child."[39]
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NRLC has affiliates in all fifty states and over 3,000 local chapters.[41][42]
ItsVirginia affiliate, theVirginia Society for Human Life, was founded in 1967 as the first state right to life organization. Other early affiliates includeGeorgia Right to Life.
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