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TheNational Movement of Switzerland (German:Nationale Bewegung der Schweiz orNBS) was aNazi umbrella-group formed inSwitzerland in 1940.[1]
The NBS had its roots in the 1938 foundation of theBund treuer Eidgenossen nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung [de] byRolf Henne after the more moderateRobert Tobler had removed Henne from theleadership of theNational Front.[2] In 1940, the Bund absorbed a number of tiny Nazi-supporting organisations to become the NBS under Henne and Dr.Max Leo Keller. Other groups absorbed included theEidgenössische Soziale Arbeiterpartei [de] and elements of the National Front. The new group also officially bore the French-language nameMouvement Nationale Suisse as an appeal toFrancophone Swiss.[3] Keller had worked withHeinrich Himmler and brought with him Andreas von Sprecher, whom the SS had trained, to run the new group's propaganda department.[2]
Keller,Jakob Schaffner and Ernst Hofmann, as representatives of the NBS, received an audience with the Swiss PresidentMarcel Pilet-Golaz (in office throughout 1940) in which they demanded much closer relations withNazi Germany, leading to eventual incorporation.[2] This was followed by aMunich conference in October 1940 to which the Director of theReich Security Main Office,Reinhard Heydrich and the Swiss doctor and SS-memberFranz Riedweg invited the leaders of the NBS and of other Swiss groups in order to increase cohesion.[2] Ultimately the meeting strengthened the hand of the NBS, as the remnants of theBund Treuer Eidgenossen Nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung as well as theEidgenössische Soziale Arbeiter-Partei andErnst Leonhardt'sNationalsozialistische Schweizerische Arbeitspartei agreed to be absorbed into the movement.[2]
Despite this strengthening the National Movement did not last long, as theSwiss Federal Council feared that annexation by Germany was just around the corner.[2] In a series of moves against the most extreme groups, the NBS was closed down on 19 November 1940, by which time it had 160 cells and around 4,000 members.[2] The group continued to work underground for a time before a police crackdown which led to most of the leadership fleeing to Germany.[2] Whilst in Germany Keller set up theBund der Schweizer Nationalsozialisten as an émigré movement, although its influence remained limited; eventually he returned to Switzerland in 1941.[2] Meanwhile, various NBS units continued underground activity secretly, mostly with help from the SS, untilWorld War II ended in 1945.[2]
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