 Seal of the United States Department of Justice | |
 Logo of the National Institute of Justice | |
| Bureau/Office overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 21, 1968; 57 years ago (1968-10-21) |
| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
| Headquarters | 8107th StreetNW Washington, D.C., United States |
| Bureau/Office executive |
|
| Parent department | Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice |
| Website | nij.ojp.gov |
TheNational Institute of Justice (NIJ) is theresearch, development, and evaluation agency of theUnited States Department of Justice (DOJ).
NIJ, along with theBureau of Justice Statistics (BJS),Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA),Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP),Office for Victims of Crime (OVC), and other program offices, comprise the DOJ'sOffice of Justice Programs (OJP).
The National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice was established on October 21, 1968,[1] under theOmnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as a component of theLaw Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA). In 1978, it was renamed the National Institute of Justice.[2] Some functions of the LEAA were absorbed by NIJ on December 27, 1979, with the passage of theJustice System Improvement Act of 1979.[3] The act, which amended the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, also led to the creation of theBureau of Justice Statistics.[4] In 1982, the LEAA was succeeded by the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics (1982–1984) and then theOffice of Justice Programs in 1984.[5]
NIJ was notable amongU.S. governmental research organizations because it is headed by apolitical appointee of the president rather than by ascientist or a member of thecivil service. ThePresidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011 removed the need forSenate confirmation of the NIJ director.[6]
In 2010, theUnited States National Research Council released a report on reforming the NIJ and identified issues with its independence, budget, and scientific mission. While it considered making the NIJ separate from its current department, the Office of Justice Programs, it recommended retaining the NIJ within the OJP but giving it increased independence and authority through clear qualifications for its director, control over its budget, and a statutory advisory board. It also recommended that the NIJ: (1) focus on research rather than forensic capacity building activities, (2) increase funding for programs for graduate researchers, (3) increase transparency, and (4) do periodic self-assessments.[7]
The NIJ can be susceptible to political influence, as manifested, for instance, by its removal from its website of "a study showing that far-right attacks outpace all other types of terrorism and domestic violence extremism" during theSecond presidency of Donald Trump.[8] (That study remains available on theInternet Archive.[9])
| NIJ directors (and acting directors)[10][11][12][13] | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dates |
| Ralph Siu | October 21, 1968–March 1969 |
| Robert L. Emrich (acting) | February 1969–May 1969 |
| Henry S. Ruth Jr. | May 1969–June 1970 |
| Irving Slott (acting) | June 1970–September 1971 |
| Martin Danziger | September 1971–August 1973 |
| Henry Scarr (acting) | August 1973–October 1977 |
| Gerald Caplan | October 1973 – 1977 |
| Blair Ewing (acting) | 1977–1979 |
| Harry Bratt (acting) | 1979–1981 |
| James Underwood (acting) | 1981–1982 |
| W. Robert Burkhart (acting) | 1982 |
| James K. Stewart | 1982–1990 |
| Charles B. DeWitt | 1990–1993 |
| Michael J. Russell (acting) | 1993–1994 |
| Carol V. Petrie (acting) | 1994 |
| Jeremy Travis | 1994–2000 |
| Julie Samuels (acting) | 2000–2001 |
| Sarah V. Hart | 2001–2005 |
| Glenn R. Schmitt (acting) | 2005 – June 2007 |
| David Hagy | June 2007 – January 2009 |
| Kristina Rose (acting) | January 2009 – June 2010 |
| John H. Laub | July 22, 2010 – January 4, 2013 |
| Greg Ridgeway (acting) | June 2013–June 2014 |
| William J. Sabol (acting) | August 2014–February 2015 |
| Nancy Rodriguez | February 9, 2015 – January 13, 2017 |
| Howard Spivak (acting) | January 21, 2017–July 2017 |
| David Muhlhausen | July 25, 2017 – January 20, 2021 |
| Jennifer Scherer (acting) | January 20, 2021 – May 9, 2022 |
| Nancy La Vigne | May 9, 2022–present |
NIJ is focused on advancing technology for criminal justice application including law enforcement and corrections, forensics, and judicial processes, as well ascriminology,criminal justice, and related social science research. Much of this research is facilitated by providing grants to academic institutions, non-profit research organizations, and other entities, as well as collaborating with state and local governments. Areas of social science research includeviolence against women,corrections, andcrime prevention, as well as programevaluation.[14]
Grants for technology development help facilitate research and development of technology and tools for criminal justice application, which is a need that the private sector is otherwise reluctant to meet. NIJ also supports development of voluntary equipment performance standards, as well as conducting compliance testing.[2] Areas of technology research and development includebiometrics, communicationsinteroperability, information technology, less-lethal technologies (e.g.tasers), and officer safety includingbullet-proof vests.Crime mapping and analysis is a topic that includes both technology and social science (geography) aspects. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers, which are located throughout the United States, play a role in law enforcement technology development, testing, and dissemination.[14]
In the 2000s, NIJ developed theNational Missing and Unidentified Persons System.[15]
A major area of research and support is forforensics and the president'sDNA initiative. TheFederal Bureau of Investigation developed theCombined DNA Index System (CODIS) system as a central database of DNA profiles taken from offenders. In the late 1980s and 1990s, all of the states and thefederal government required DNA samples to be collected from offenders in certain types of cases. The demand (casework) forDNA analysis in publiccrime laboratories increased 73% from 1997 to 2000, and by 2003, there was a backlog of 350,000rape andhomicide cases. In 2003, PresidentGeorge W. Bush proposed theAdvancing Justice Through DNA Technology initiative, which would include $1 billion over five years to reduce backlogs, develop and improve capacity of state and local law enforcement to use DNA analysis, support research and development to improve the technology, and additional training for those working in thecriminal justice system.[16]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(March 2022) |
Technical working groups (or TWGs) were created by the National Institute of Justice to createcrime scene guides for state and locallaw enforcement.[17] The guides were individually developed by a separate Technical Working Group tasked with a single topic. The groups were amultidisciplinary group of content-area experts from across theUnited States. The groups included urban and rural jurisdictions as well as Federal agencies representatives. Each participating member was experienced in the area of crime scene investigation and evidence collection in thecriminal justice system from the standpoints of law enforcement,prosecution,defense, orforensic science. The Technical Working Groups were designed to be short term in duration to respond to a topic. Longer term groups exist under other organizations such as the FBI'sScientific Working Group (SWG's) on Digital Evidence.
Technology Working Group topics have included:[18]
During the several years of their existence they developed numerous guides including the following:
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This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Institute of Justice (United States Department of Justice(DoJ),Office of Justice Programs(OJP)).
