National Council | |
|---|---|
| 52nd National Council | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| Leadership | |
First Vice President | |
Second Vice President | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 200 |
 | |
Political groups |
|
Length of term | 4 years |
| Elections | |
| Party-list proportional representation (Hagenbach-Bischoff system) | |
First election | 1–27 October 1848 |
Last election | 22 October 2023 |
Next election | October 2027 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Federal Palace,Bern | |
| Website | |
| www | |
TheNational Council (German:Nationalrat;French:Conseil national;Italian:Consiglio nazionale;Romansh:Cussegl naziunal) is a house of theFederal Assembly ofSwitzerland, representing the people. The other house, theCouncil of States, represents the states. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfectbicameralism.[1] Both houses meet in theFederal Palace of Switzerland inBern.[2]
The national council comprises 200 persons. Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are calledNational Councillors, for four year terms. These members are apportioned to the Swiss cantons in proportion to their population.[1]
With 200 members, the National Council is the larger house of the Swiss legislature. It represents the people, the vote of each citizen having more or less the same weight, whereas theCouncil of States represents the cantons - each of them having the same weight, regardless of its population.[3]
When the Swiss federation was founded in 1848, the number of seats was not yet fixed, and was thus determined by the population of the individualcantons. According to the provisions of the federal constitution at that time, a canton was to receive one National Council member for every 20,000 citizens. Thus, the first National Council, which met in 1848, had 111 members.
In 1963, the number of members was fixed at 200. The division of the seats between the individual cantons is determined by each canton's percentage of the national population, as revealed in thenational census (including foreign residents), using thelargest remainder method. A change in the division of the seats occurred in 2003, as a result of the 2000 census.
Every canton is entitled to at least one seat in the National Council.
Unlike the Council of States where no translation is provided, simultaneous translation is provided intoGerman,French, andItalian, but notRomansh.[4]
Under theSwiss Federal Constitution, elections for the National Council are held every four years by the Swiss people.[5] Themost recent election took place on Sunday, 22 October 2023.
Since apopular initiative in 1918, elections have been byproportional representation, in which each canton forms an electoral district (Wahlkreis). There is noelection threshold.Since 1971 women have been entitled to vote and stand in National Council elections.
Since the reform of the census system and the adoption of the use of government administrative data for determining the population in 2007, the distribution of the seats in the National Council between the cantons has been based on the permanent resident population (including residents who are not entitled to vote) in the year following the most recent federal election.[6] There is a proviso that each canton is entitled to at least one seat.
The number of seats given to the cantons which are entitled to more than one seat is determined using thelargest remainder method.Cantons which are only entitled to send one councillor to the National Council elect the candidate who wins amajority of votes.
The cantons use a unique system of proportional representation, sometimes called a "free list". Each citizen may cast as many votes as there are seats available to their constituency, and may even cast up to two votes for the same candidate. For every vote received by a candidate, that candidate's party also receives a vote. Voters also list a party vote, in which all blank candidate votes contribute towards the party's total.In elections, political parties publish lists in the cantons with their candidates. Each list contains at most the number of candidates which the canton is entitled to send to the National Council.In addition, each party can produce multiple lists to the canton (e.g. men's, women's, youth, or seniors' lists; in larger cantons they might offer lists for individual cities or districts). It is also possible for several parties to enter a single shared list.Voters may choose a pre-prepared party list without making changes or they can alter it bycumulative voting orpanachage. Thus, the voter can give his vote to a specific candidate and ignore the rest of that candidate's party. Alternatively, it is possible for the voter to split his or her vote among several candidates from different parties.
| Election results for the National Council, 2019[7] |
 |
The seats are then apportioned using theHagenbach-Bischoff System. This system is unique in that it allows voters to split their vote across different parties, depending on which candidate the voter prefers.[8]
To determine a party's strength, the notion of "fictional voter" was introduced and is defined by the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute as:number of votes obtained by party A *(number of valid ballots /number of valid votes). Individual voters can choose to make fewer than the permissible number of votes. Thenumber of valid votes /number of valid ballots closely matches the number of deputies a canton needs to elect. More exactly, this number represents the average number of valid votes per voter. The formula can then be summed up by:number of votes obtained by party A /average of valid votes per voters.
The result is the number of fictional voters for a given party in a given canton. A total number of fictional voters can then be established and the party strength can be deduced.
The number of deputies in each party is determined at the cantonal level usingproportional representation with theHagenbach-Bischoff system (except in single-member cantons.) The election's turnout is computed as:number of valid ballots cast /number of registered voters.
The role and powers of the National Council are regulated by theParliament Act (ParlA) and the Title 5[9] of theSwiss Federal Constitution. The National Council, together with the Council of States, forms the Federal Parliament and exercises the highest legal authority in Switzerland, subject to the rights of the people and the cantons.[10] Both chambers of the Federal Parliament are called "councils" (Räte). The National Council and the Council of States do not meet daily, but meet regularly for sessions.[11] Usually, there are four sessions in a year, each lasting three weeks, with between two and five sittings per week. The spring session (Frühjahrssession) begins on the first Monday in March, the summer session (Sommersession) on the first Monday in June, the Autumn session (Herbstsession) after theFederal Day, and the winter session (Wintersession) on the last Monday in November.[12] During the sessions, proposed legislation is debated. If there is not enough time in the regular sessions, an extra session can be convened.[13] In special situations (political crises, wars, etc.) a quarter of the members of one of the two councils or theFederal Council can convene an extraordinary session.[13] To date, there have been eight extraordinary sessions, most of them called by the social democratic parliamentary group.
| Date | Reason/event |
|---|---|
| July 1891 | Introduction of the federal currency monopoly |
| 6–7 February 1985 | Response toForest dieback |
| 9–11 October 1986 | Energy policy after theChernobyl disaster |
| 22–23 January 1998 | Tax loopholes and merger/economic policy (merger of UBS and SBV) |
| 16 November 2001 | FinancingSwissair |
| 3 October 2002 | minimum interest rate ("employment pension") |
| 1 October 2007 | Tax issues |
| 8 December 2008 | 2008 financial crisis |
| 4–8 May 2020 | COVID-19 pandemic |
The National Council and the Council of States are constitutionally completely equal - a bill is only law when it has been accepted by both councils in the same version. All business is considered by both councils in turn. The presidents of the councils decide together which council will handle a given matter first (Erstrat).
Sometimes, after the first reading, the National Council and the Council of States end up producing different texts, in which case a difference resolution procedure takes place, in which the bill is sent back and forth between the two councils. After a bill has been sent back three successive times, the two councils must meet together to discuss the matter.
Each year the National Council elects aPresident of the National Council [de], who leads sessions of the National Council and joint sessions of the National Council and the Council of States.
| Abbr. | Canton | Number of seats | Population (2024)[14] | Population per seat | Voting power[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZH |  Zurich | 36 | 1,620,020 | 45,001 | 58,320,720 |
| BE |  Bern | 23 | 1,071,216 | 46,575 | 24,637,968 |
| LU |  Luzern | 10 | 437,944 | 43,794 | 4,379,440 |
| UR |  Uri | 1 | 38,275 | 38,275 | 38,275 |
| SZ |  Schwyz | 4 | 168,931 | 42,233 | 675,724 |
| OW |  Obwalden | 1 | 39,662 | 39,662 | 39,662 |
| NW |  Nidwalden | 1 | 45,345 | 45,345 | 45,345 |
| GL |  Glarus | 1 | 42,371 | 42,371 | 42,371 |
| ZG |  Zug | 3 | 133,739 | 44,580 | 401,217 |
| FR |  Freiburg | 8 | 346,674 | 43,334 | 2,773,392 |
| SO |  Solothurn | 6 | 289,792 | 48,299 | 1,738,752 |
| BS |  Basel-Stadt | 4 | 201,384 | 50,346 | 805,536 |
| BL |  Basel-Landschaft | 7 | 301,323 | 43,046 | 2,109,261 |
| SH |  Schaffhausen | 2 | 88,667 | 44,334 | 177,334 |
| AR |  Appenzell Ausserrhoden | 1 | 56,705 | 56,705 | 56,705 |
| AI |  Appenzell Innerrhoden | 1 | 16,733 | 16,733 | 16,733 |
| SG |  St. Gallen | 12 | 540,036 | 45,003 | 6,480,432 |
| GR |  Grisons | 4 | 206,138 | 51,535 | 824,552 |
| AG |  Aargau | 16 | 735,808 | 45,988 | 11,772,928 |
| TG |  Thurgau | 6 | 299,509 | 49,918 | 1,797,054 |
| TI |  Ticino | 8 | 358,903 | 44,863 | 2,871,224 |
| VD |  Vaud | 19 | 855,106 | 45,006 | 16,247,014 |
| VS |  Valais | 8 | 371,288 | 46,411 | 2,970,304 |
| NE |  Neuchâtel | 4 | 179,518 | 44,880 | 718,072 |
| GE |  Geneva | 12 | 531,102 | 44,259 | 6,373,224 |
| JU |  Jura | 2 | 74,840 | 37,420 | 149,680 |
| Overall | 200 | 9,051,029 | 45,255 | 146,462,919 | |
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