National Catholicism (Spanish:nacionalcatolicismo) was part of the ideological identity ofFrancoism, the political system through which the Spanish dictatorFrancisco Francogoverned the Spanish State between 1939 and 1975.[3] Its most visible manifestation was the hegemony that theCatholic Church had in all aspects of public and private life.[3] As a symbol of the ideological divisions within Francoism, it can be contrasted tonational syndicalism (Spanish:nacionalsindicalismo), an essential component of the ideology and political practice of theFalangists.
The invention of the term is attributed to theJesuit andhistorian Alfonso Álvarez Bolado, who gave the term a scientific nuance and whose articles were compiled by the publishing houseCuadernos para el Diálogo in 1976,[4] before, the term was used more informally. In France, a similar model of National Catholicism was advanced by theFédération Nationale Catholique formed by GeneralÉdouard Castelnau.[5] Although it reached one million members in 1925, it was of short-lived significance, subsiding into obscurity by 1930.[6]
In Spain, theFrancoist State initiated a project in 1943 to reform the university. It was called the University Regulatory Law (U.R.L.), which remained active until 1970.[7]
The U.R.L. represented the clearest politicization of the university in the service of the new regime's National-Catholic precepts. While there was no explicit exclusion of women from higher learning, their presence at the university level was discouraged and not recognized during the two first decades of the regime.[7]
In the 1930s and 1940s,Ante Pavelić's CroatianUstaše movement espoused a similar ideology,[8] although it has been called other names, including "political Catholicism" and "Catholic Croatism".[9] Other countries in central and eastern Europe where similar movements of Francoist inspiration combined Catholicism with nationalism include Austria, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia.[10]