Nara (奈良市,Nara-shi;Japanese pronunciation:[naꜜ.ɾa,na.ɾaꜜ.ɕi]ⓘ[2]) is the capital city ofNara Prefecture, Japan. As of 2022[update], Nara has an estimated population of 367,353 according to World Population Review, making it the largest city in Nara Prefecture and sixth-largest in theKansai region ofHonshu. Nara is acore city located in the northern part of Nara Prefecture bordering theKyoto Prefecture.
By theHeian period, a variety of different characters had been used to represent the name Nara:乃楽,乃羅,平,平城,名良,奈良,奈羅,常,那良,那楽,那羅,楢,諾良,諾楽,寧,寧楽 and儺羅.
A number of theories for the origin of the name "Nara" have been proposed, and some of the better-known ones are listed here. The second theory in the list, from the notable folkloristKunio Yanagita (1875–1962), is most widely accepted at present.
TheNihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan, the second oldest book of classical Japanese history) suggests that "Nara" was derived fromnarasu (to flatten, to level). According to this account, in September in the tenth year ofEmperor Sujin, "leading selected soldiers (the rebels) went forward, climbed Nara-yama (hills lying to the north ofHeijō-kyō) and put them in order. Now the imperial forces gathered and flattened trees and plants. Therefore the mountain is called Nara-yama." Though the narrative itself is regarded as a folk etymology and few researchers regard it as historical, this is the oldest surviving suggestion, and is linguistically similar to the following theory by Yanagita.
"Flat land" theory (currently most widely accepted): In his 1936 study of placenames,[3] the authorKunio Yanagita states that "the topographical feature of an area of relatively gentle gradient on the side of a mountain, which is calledtaira in eastern Japan andhae in the south ofKyushu, is callednaru in theChūgoku region andShikoku (central Japan). This word gives rise to the verbnarasu, adverbnarashi, and adjectivenarushi." This is supported by entries in a dialect dictionary[4] for nouns referring to flat areas:naru (found inAida District, Okayama Prefecture andKetaka District, Tottori Prefecture) andnaro (found inKōchi Prefecture); and also by an adjectivenarui which is not standard Japanese, but is found all across central Japan, with meanings of "gentle", "gently sloping", or "easy". Yanagita further comments that the way in which the fact that so many of these placenames are written using the character平 ("flat"), or other characters in which it is an element, demonstrates the validity of this theory. Citing a 1795 document,Inaba-shi (因幡志) from the province of Inaba, the eastern part of modernTottori, as indicating the readingnaruji for the word 平地 (standard readingheichi, meaning "level/flat ground/land/country, a plain"), Yanagita suggests thatnaruji would have been used as a common noun there until the modern period. Of course, the fact that historically "Nara" was also written平 or平城 as above is further support for this theory.
The idea that Nara is derived from楢nara (Japanese for "oak, deciduousQuercus spp.") is the next most common opinion. This idea was suggested by a linguist, Yoshida Togo.[5] This noun for the plant can be seen as early as inMan'yōshū (7–8th century) andHarima-no-kuni Fudoki (715). The latter book states the place nameNarahara inHarima (around present-dayKasai) derives from thisnara tree, which might support Yoshida's theory. Note that the name of the nearby city ofKashihara (literally "live oak plain") contains a semantically similar morpheme (Japanese橿kashi "live oak, evergreenQuercus spp.").
Nara could be aloanword fromOld Korean, related to Middle Koreannarah and ModernKoreannara (나라: "country", "nation", "kingdom"). This idea was put forward by the linguistMatsuoka Shizuo.[6] American linguistSamuel E. Martin notes that the earliest attestation of this word in Korean sources—given in an eighth-centuryhyangga text, in thephonogramic form國惡—should be read asNAL[A-]ak. This is similar to the form implied by the Old Japanese writings of Nara that transcribe the second syllable with楽 (raku), and Martin notes that the city name has been "long suspected of being a borrowing from the Korean word".[7] Kusuhara et al. argues that this hypothesis cannot account for the fact there are many places named Nara, Naru and Naro besides this Nara.[8]
There is the idea that Nara is akin toTungusicna.[9] In some Tungusic languages such asOrok (and likelyGoguryeo language),na means earth, land or the like. Some have speculated about a connection between these Tungusic words and Old Japanesenawi, an archaic and somewhat obscure word that appears in the verb phrasesnawi furu andnawi yoru ('anearthquake occurs, to have an earthquake').[10]
The "flat land" theory is adopted byNihon Kokugo Daijiten (the largest dictionary of Japanese language), various dictionaries for place names,[8][11][12] history books on Nara,[13] and the like today, and it is regarded as the most likely.
There are a number of megalithic tombs orkofun in Nara, includingGosashi Kofun, Hishiage Kofun (ヒシアゲ古墳), Horaisan Kofun (宝来山古墳), Konabe Kofun (コナベ古墳), Saki Ishizukayama Kofun (佐紀石塚山古墳), Saki Misasagiyama Kofun (佐紀陵山古墳), and Uwanabe Kofun (ウワナベ古墳).
Gosashi tomb
By decree of an edict on March 11, 708 AD,Empress Genmei ordered the court to relocate to the new capital, Nara.[14] Once known as Heijō orHeijō-kyō, the city was established as Japan's first permanent capital in 710 CE; it was the seat of government until 784 CE, albeit with a five-year interruption, lasting from 740 to 745 CE.[14][15] Heijō, as the ‘penultimate court’, however, was abandoned by the order ofEmperor Kammu in 784 CE in favor of the temporary site ofNagaoka, and thenHeian-kyō (Kyoto) which retained the status of capital for 1,100 years, until theMeiji Emperor made the final move toEdo in 1869 CE.[16][15][17] This first relocation was due to the court's transformation from an imperial nobility to a force of metropolitan elites and new technique of dynastic shedding which had refashioned the relationship between court, nobility, and country.[16] Moreover, the ancient capital lent its name to Nara period.[15]
As a reactionary expression to the political centralization of China, the city of Nara (Heijō) was modeled after theTang capital atChang’an.[17] Nara was laid out on a grid—which was based upon theHanden system—whereby the city was divided by four great roads.[15] Likewise, according to Chinese cosmology, the ruler's place was fixed like the pole star. By dominating the capital, the ruler brought heaven to earth.[18] Thus, the south-facing palace centered at the north, bisected the ancient city, instituting ‘Right Capital’ and ‘Left Capital’ zones.[16][18] As Nara came to be acenter of Buddhism in Japan and a prominent pilgrimage site, the city plan incorporated various pre-Heijō and Heijō period temples, of which the Yakushiji and the Todaiji still stand.[16][17]
A number of scholars have characterized the Nara period as a time of penal and administrative legal order.[19] TheTaihō Code called for the establishment of administrative sects underneath the central government, and modeled many of the codes from the Chinese Tang dynasty.[20] The code eventually disbanded, but its contents were largely preserved in theYōrō Code of 718.[20]
Occupants of the throne during the period gradually shifted their focus from military preparation to religious rites and institutions, in an attempt to strengthen their divine authority over the population.[19]
With the establishment of the new capital,Asuka-dera, the temple of theSoga clan, was relocated within Nara.[21] TheEmperor Shōmu ordered the construction ofTōdai-ji Temple (largest wooden building in the world) and the world's largest bronze Buddha statue.[17] The temples of Nara, known collectively as theNanto Shichi Daiji, remained spiritually significant even beyond the move of the political capital toHeian-kyō in 794, thus giving Nara a synonym of Nanto (南都 "the southern capital").
On 2 December 724 AD, in order to increase the visual "magnificence" of the city, an edict was ordered by the government for the noblemen and the wealthy to renovate the roofs, pillars, and walls of their homes, although at that time this was unfeasible.[14]
Sightseeing in Nara city became popular in the Edo period, during which several visitors' maps of Nara were widely published.[22] During the Meiji Period, the Kofukuji Temple lost some land and its monks were converted into Shinto priests, due to Buddhism being associated with the old shogunate.[23]
Tōdai-ji is a Buddhist temple and the world's largest wooden building (8th century)
Although Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 794, it was not designated a city until 1 February 1898. Nara has since developed from a town of commerce in the Edo and Meiji periods to a moderntourist city, due to its large number of historical temples, landmarks and national monuments. Nara was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in December 1998.[24] The architecture of some shops, ryokans and art galleries has been adapted from traditional merchant houses.[23]
Nara holds traditional festivals every year, including the Neri-Kuyo Eshiki, a spring festival held in Todaiji temple for over 1,000 years; and the Kemari Festival, in which people wear costumes ranging across 700 years and play traditional games).[25]
In 1909,Tatsuno Kingo designed theNara Hotel, whose architecture combined modern elements with traditional Japanese style.[23]
The city of Nara lies in the northern end ofNara Prefecture, directly bordering Kyoto Prefecture to its north. The city is 22.22 km (13.81 mi) from North to South, from East to West.[clarification needed] As a result of the latest merger, effective April 1, 2005, that combined the villages ofTsuge andTsukigase with the city of Nara, the city now bordersMie Prefecture directly to its east. The total area is 276.84 km2 (106.89 sq mi).[28]
The downtown of Nara is on the east side of the ancientHeijō Palace site, occupying the northern part of what was called theGekyō (外京), literally the outer capital area. Many of the public offices (e.g. the Municipal office, the Nara Prefectural government, the Nara Police headquarters, etc.) are located onNijō-ōji (二条大路), while Nara branch offices of major nationwide banks are onSanjō-ōji (三条大路), with both avenues running east–west.
The highest point in the city is at the peak of Kaigahira-yama at an altitude of 822.0 m (2,696.85 ft) (Tsugehayama-cho district), and the lowest is in Ikeda-cho district, with an altitude of 56.4 m (185.04 ft).[31]
The climate of Nara Prefecture is generally temperate, although there are notable differences between the north-western basin area and the rest of the prefecture which is more mountainous.
The basin area climate has an inland characteristic, as represented in the higher daily temperature variance, and the difference between summer and winter temperatures. Winter temperatures average approximately 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), and from 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F) in the summer with highest readings reaching close to 35 °C (95 °F). There has not been a single year since 1990 with more than 10 days of snowfall recorded by Nara Local Meteorological Observatory.
The climate in the rest of the prefecture is that of higher elevations especially in the south, with −5 °C (23 °F) being the extreme minimum in winter. Heavy rainfall is often observed in summer. The annual accumulated rainfall totals as much as 3,000 to 5,000 mm (118.11 to 196.85 in), which is among the heaviest in Japan and indeed in the world outside the equatorial zone.
Spring and fall temperatures are temperate and comfortable. The mountainous region of Yoshino has been long popular for viewing cherry blossoms in the spring. In autumn, the southern mountains are also a popular destination for viewing fall foliage.
Climate data for Nara (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present)
As of April 1, 2017[update], the city had an estimated population of 359,666 and a population density of 1,300 persons per km2. There were 160,242 households residing in Nara.[33] The highest concentration of both households and population, respectively about 46,000 and 125,000, is found along the newer bedtown districts, along theKintetsu line connecting toOsaka.
There were about 3,000 registered foreigners in the city, of which Koreans and Chinese are the two largest groups with about 1,200 and 800 people respectively.
According to the legendary history ofKasuga Shrine, the godTakemikazuchi arrived in Nara on a whitedeer to guard the newly built capital ofHeijō-kyō.[34] Since then, the deer have been regarded as heavenly animals, protecting the city and the country.[34]
Tamesika deer (also known as spotted deer or Japanese deer) roam through the town, especially inNara Park.[28][31][35][36][37] In 2015, there were more than 1,200 sika deer in Nara.[35][36][37] Snack vendors sellsikasenbei (deercrackers) to visitors so they can feed the deer.[35][36][37] Some deer have learned tobow in order to receivesenbei from people.[35][36][37]
A 2009 study by Harumi Torii, assistant professor of wildlife management at Nara University of Education, in which necropsies of deceased shika deer in Nara park were conducted, found that the deer in Nara park were malnourished from not having enough grass to eat, and eating too many rice crackers and other human food. The rice crackers commonly fed to the deer lack fiber and other nutrients deer require, so when the deer eat too many rice crackers it causes the gut microbiome in the deer to become unbalanced, among other problems.7 out of 8 deer dissected had a “kidney fat index” (which measures how much fat has attached to the kidneys) below 40%, which indicates malnutrition. And of those 7, some had kidney fat below 10%, which indicates starvation. Compared to male shika deer outside of Nara park, which weigh about 50 kilograms on average, the male shika deer in Nara park only weigh 30 kilograms on average. The color of the femoral marrow in Nara park’s deer was also abnormal, indicating malnourishment.When living deer in Nara park were observed during the study, it was discovered that rice crackers made up about one third of the average deer’s diet in Nara park, with grass making up about two thirds. The deer have become so excessively numerous in Nara park, that there isn’t enough grass in the park for all of them to live entirely on grass, creating a dependency on humans for rice crackers. This lack of grass also causes the deer to resort to eating garbage and plants that they would not normally eat.[38]The deer in Nara park have become overpopulated due to being fed by people frequently, and having few predators and the deer have caused extensive damage to trees (by feeding on bark), bamboo (by eating their shoots), and other plants in the park. Additionally, the deer have become aggressive towards humans in their solicitation of food (which leads to people getting injured by deer), aggressive towards each other in competition for rice crackers, and have lost their fear of predators in general.For these reasons, tourists may want to consider not feeding the deer in Nara park, and simply observe them instead.[39][40]
Kintetsu Nara StationJRNara StationKintetsu Limited Express passing through the Heijo Palace ruins. Mt. Wakakusa and Todaiji Temple are in the background.
The main central station of Nara isKintetsu Nara Station with JR Nara station some 500m west and much closer to Shin-Omiya station.
^ab楠原佑介ほか KUSUHARA Yūsuke et al. (1981), 『古代地名語源辞典』(The Dictionary of Ancient Place Name Etymology), 東京堂出版, p.232
^One of the earliest assumption for this is seen in 奈良市 編 Nara ed. (1937), 『奈良市史』(The History of Nara, Nara)., 奈良市.
^宮腰賢ほか編 MIYAKOSHI Masaru et al. ed. (2011), 『全訳古語辞典』(The Dictionary of Old Japanese with Complete Translation) 第4版, 旺文社.
^池田末則・横田健一編 IKEDA Suenori & YOKOTA Ken'ichi (Eds.) (1981), 『日本歴史地名大系30 奈良県の地名』(A Series on Historical Place Names in Japan, Vol. 30, Place Names in Nara Prefecture), 平凡社, p.490
^角川日本地名大辞典編纂委員会編 (1990), 『角川日本地名大辞典 29 奈良県』(Kadokawa Unabridged Dictionary of Place Names in Japan, Vol. 29, Nara Prefecture), 角川書店, p.814
^abcdToby, Ronald (Autumn 1985). "Why Leave Nara?: Kammu and the Transfer of the Capital".Monumenta Nipponica.40 (3):331–347.doi:10.2307/2384764.JSTOR2384764.
^abcdBurnett Hall, Robert (December 1932). "The Yamato Basin, Japan".Annals of the Association of American Geographers.22 (4):243–292.doi:10.1080/00045603209357109.JSTOR2560778.
^Yamachika, Hiroyoshi."Tourist Maps of Nara in the Edo Period".Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University.Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved18 October 2018.
^abcNara Prefectural Government Tourism Bureau Tourism Promotion Division."Historical Timeline of Nara".Visit Nara.Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved18 October 2018.
