Ananobe (/ˈnænoʊb,ˈneɪnoʊb/)[1] is a tiny filamentalstructure first found in somerocks andsediments. Some scientistshypothesize that nanobes are the smallest form oflife,1/ 10 the size of thesmallest known bacteria.[2]
No conclusive evidence exists that these structures are, or are not, living organisms, so their classification is controversial.
The 1996 discovery of nanobes was published in 1998[3] by Uwinset al.,[4] from theUniversity of Queensland,Australia. They were found growing from rock samples (both full-diameter and sidewall cores) ofJurassic andTriassic sandstones, originally retrieved from an unspecified number ofoil exploration wells off Australia's west coast. Depths of retrieval were between 3,400 metres (2.1 mi) and 5,100 metres (3.2 mi) below the sea bed. While Uwinset al.[3] present assertions against it, they do not exclude the possibility that the nanobes are from a surface contaminant, not from the rock units cited.
The smallest are just 20nanometers in diameter. Some researchers believe that these structures arecrystal growths, but the staining of these structures with dyes that bind toDNA might indicate that they are living organisms.[5]
They are similar to the structures found inALH84001, aMars meteorite found in theAntarctic. A 2022 study concluded that ALH84001 did not contain Martian life; the discovered organic molecules were found to be associated with abiotic processes (ie, "serpentinization and carbonation reactions that occurred during the aqueous alteration of basalt rock by hydrothermal fluids") produced on the very early Mars four billion years ago instead.[6][7]
Nanobes are similar in size tonanobacteria, which are also structures that had been proposed to be extremely small living organisms. However, these two should not be confused: Nanobacteria were thought to be cellular organisms, while nanobes are hypothesized (by some) to be a previously unknown form of life orprotocells.[citation needed]
A review inMicrobes and Environments[9] of the various ultra-small forms of proposed life states that the main criticism of nanobes is that they appear too small to contain the biochemical machinery needed to sustain life. The review also states that there is no evidence that nanobes are organisms in themselves and not fragments of larger organisms.
Tony Taylor was one of the authors of the original nanobe paper.[3] He argues that the conspicuous lack ofphosphorus in the X-ray spectroscopy data and the failure to find DNA using various DNA amplification techniques demonstrates that nanobes do not have any DNA orRNA. He also argues that they may have a completely different mechanism for heredity, which would account for many of their unusual chemical and physical properties.
| Agent | Description | Size (nm) |
|---|---|---|
| Megaklothovirus horridgei | largest knownvirus | 3,900 nm |
| Pandoravirus | one of the largest knownviruses | 1,000 nm |
| Nanoarchaeum | smallest knownarchaeum | 400 nm |
| Mycoplasma | smallest knownbacterium | 300 nm |
| Nanobacteria | former proposed class of lifeforms smaller than bacteria | < 200 nm |
| Parvovirus | smallest knownviruses | 18–28 nm |
| Nanobes | hypothetical lifeforms smaller than viruses | ≈20 nm |
| Prion | smallest known infectious agent (protein) | ≈10 nm |
