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| Nanjing dialect | |
|---|---|
| Nankinese | |
| 南京話 Nánjīnghuà | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Nanjing,Jiangsu province |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | nanj1234 |
| Nanjing dialect | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 南京話 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 南京话 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Nanjing speech | ||||||||
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TheNanjing dialect, also known asNanjingese,Nankingese, orNankinese, is theprestige dialect ofMandarin Chinese spoken in theurban area ofNanjing, the capital ofJiangsu province. It is part of theJianghuai group ofChinese varieties.[1]
A number of features distinguish the Nanjing dialect from other Mandarin varieties. It maintains the glottal stop final and theentering tone, whichNorthern Mandarin orSouthwestern Mandarin likely also had until recently. Like Northern Mandarin, it has preserved the retroflex initials of Middle Chinese. As with otherJianghuai Mandarin dialects, the Nanjing dialect has lost syllable-initial/n/,which have all become/l/. The opposite has occurred in Southwestern Mandarin, where/l/ has changed to/n/. Northern Mandarin, on the other hand, retains distinct/l/ and/n/ initials.
While Mandarin dialects typically feature two nasal finals (/n/ and/ŋ/), these have mergedinto one in Jianghuai Mandarin dialects.[2]
The earliest dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Subei dialect spoken by the Subei barbarians/Huaiyi during theEastern Jin. After theWu Hu uprising, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capitalJiankang in what is modern day Nanjing. Further events occurred, such asHou Jing's rebellions during the Liang dynasty, theSui dynasty invasion of theChen dynasty which resulted in Jiankang's destruction,Ming Taizu's relocation of Central Asia's Muslim Indo-Iranians and Muslim Mongols to Nanjing, over a 20% of the population of Nanjing was Mongolian Central Asians and Indo-Iranian foreginers from Central Asia and Muslim Mongols in Nanjing[3]from and the establishment of Nanjing as the capital of the Taiping Kingdom which resulted in a significant decrease in the city's population. These events all played a role in forming the Nanjing dialect of today.[4]
Old Nanjing dialect is mostly found in old communities in Nanjing itself, and was the main form spoken in the 1930s.[5]
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | aspirated | pʰ⟨p⟩ | tʰ⟨t⟩ | kʰ⟨k⟩ | ||
| unaspirated | p⟨b⟩ | t⟨d⟩ | k⟨g⟩ | |||
| Affricate | aspirated | t͡sʰ⟨c⟩ | ʈ͡ʂʰ⟨ch⟩ | t͡ɕʰ⟨q⟩ | ||
| unaspirated | t͡s⟨z⟩ | ʈ͡ʂ⟨zh⟩ | t͡ɕ⟨j⟩ | |||
| Fricative | f⟨f⟩ | s⟨s⟩ | ʂ⟨sh⟩ | ɕ⟨x⟩ | x⟨h⟩ | |
| Sonorant | m⟨m⟩ | l⟨l⟩ | ɻ⟨r⟩ | |||
There is no /n/, it has been merged with /l/
| Nucleus | ∅ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /e/ | /aæ/ | /əi/ | /au/ | /əu/ | /ã/ | /ẽ/ | /əŋ/ | /oŋ/ | /əɹ/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medial | ∅ | ɹ̩/ɻ̩⟨y/r⟩ | ɒ̝⟨a⟩ | o/ɔ̆⟨o⟩ | e̽/ɛ̆⟨e/ä⟩ | aæ⟨ä⟩ | ə̙i⟨ei⟩ | a̙ʊ⟨ao⟩ | ə̙ʊ⟨ou⟩ | ã̙⟨ang⟩ | əŋ⟨eng⟩ | o̝ŋ⟨ong⟩ | eɹ⟨er⟩ | |
| /i/ | i⟨i⟩ | iɒ̝⟨ia⟩ | iɔ̆⟨io⟩ | ie⟨ie⟩ | iaæ⟨iä⟩ | ia̙ʊ⟨iao⟩ | iə̙ʊ⟨iou⟩ | iã̙⟨iang⟩ | iẽ⟨iän⟩ | iŋ⟨ing⟩ | io̝ŋ⟨iong⟩ | |||
| /u/ | u̜⟨u⟩ | uɒ̝⟨ua⟩ | uɛ̆⟨uä⟩ | uaæ⟨uä⟩ | uə̙i⟨uei⟩ | uã̙⟨uang⟩ | uən⟨uen⟩ | |||||||
| /y/ | y⟨ü⟩ | ye̽/yɛ̆⟨üe⟩ | yẽ⟨üän⟩ | yin⟨üin⟩ | ||||||||||
New Nanjing dialect is the variety most frequently spoken in Nanjing of today, and is often simply referred to as "Nanjing dialect". It has more influence from Beijing dialect.
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | aspirated | pʰ⟨p⟩ | tʰ⟨t⟩ | kʰ⟨k⟩ | ||
| unaspirated | p⟨b⟩ | t⟨d⟩ | k⟨g⟩ | |||
| Affricate | aspirated | t͡sʰ⟨c⟩ | ʈ͡ʂʰ⟨ch⟩ | t͡ɕʰ⟨q⟩ | ||
| unaspirated | t͡s⟨z⟩ | ʈ͡ʂ⟨zh⟩ | t͡ɕ⟨j⟩ | |||
| Fricative | f⟨f⟩ | s⟨s⟩ | ʂ⟨sh⟩,ʐ⟨r⟩ | ɕ⟨x⟩ | x⟨h⟩ | |
| Sonorant | m⟨m⟩ | l⟨l⟩ | ||||
| Nucleus | ∅ | /a/ | /ɛ/ | /e/ | /o/ | /ɔ/ | /əi/ | /əɯ/ | /ã/ | /ẽ/ | /õ/ | /ə̃/ | /ɚ/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medial | ∅ | ɹ̩/ɻ̩⟨y/r⟩ | a⟨a⟩ | ɛ⟨ä⟩ | e⟨e⟩ | o⟨o⟩ | ɔ⟨ao⟩ | əi⟨ei⟩ | əɯ⟨ou⟩ | ã⟨ang⟩ | ẽ⟨än⟩ | õ⟨ong⟩ | ə̃⟨en⟩ | ɚ⟨er⟩ |
| /i/ | i⟨i⟩ | ia⟨ia⟩ | iɛ⟨iä⟩ | ie⟨ie⟩ | io⟨io⟩ | iɔ⟨iao⟩ | iəɯ⟨iou⟩ | iã⟨iang⟩ | iẽ⟨iän⟩ | iõ⟨iong⟩ | ĩ⟨in⟩ | |||
| /u/ | u̜⟨u⟩ | ua⟨ua⟩ | uɛ⟨uä⟩ | uəi⟨uei⟩ | uã⟨uang⟩ | uə̃⟨uen⟩ | ||||||||
| /y/ | y⟨ü⟩ | ye⟨üe⟩ | yẽ⟨üän⟩ | yĩ⟨üin⟩ | ||||||||||
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Some linguists have studied the influence that Nanjing Jianghuai Mandarin had on theMandarin-basedkoiné spoken by the Ming dynasty.[6] Although it was based on the Nanjing dialect, there were important differences and the koiné exhibited non-Jianghuai characteristics.Francisco Varo, a Dominican friar living in 17th century China pointed to Nanjing as one of several places Mandarin speech paralleled that of the elites.[6]
During the 19th century, dispute arose over whether the Nanjing dialect orBeijing dialect should be preferred by Western diplomats and translators, as the prestige of the Nanjing dialect seemed to be waning.[7] Even when it was clear that the Beijing dialect had gained prominence, many sinologists and missionaries maintained their preference for the Nanjing dialect.Leipzig-based professorGeorg von der Gabelentz even argued that the Nanjing dialect was preferable for scientific texts because it had fewer homophones:[8]
Only in recent times has the northern dialect,pek-kuān-hoá, in the form [spoken] in the capital, kīng-hoá, begun to strive for general acceptance, and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor. It is preferred by the officials and studied by the European diplomats. Scholarship must not follow this practise. The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones. This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes.
The originally Japanese bookMandarin Compass (官話指南) was modified with Nanjing dialect's tones and published with French commentary byJiangnan-based French missionary Henri Boucher.[9] Calvin W. Mateer attempted to compromise between Northern and Southern Mandarin in his bookA Course of Mandarin Lessons, published in 1892.[8]
Important works written about the Nanjing dialect includeSyllabar des Nankingdialektes oder der correkten Aussprache sammt Vocabular by Franz Kühnert, andDie Nanking Kuanhua by K. Hemeling.[10][11][12]
TheEnglish & Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect bySamuel Wells Williams was based on the Nanjing dialect, rather than theBeijing dialect. Williams also described the differences between Nanjing and Beijing Mandarin in the same book and noted the ways in which the Peking dialect differs from the Nanjing dialect, such as the palatalization of velars before front vowels. Williams also noted that the changes were consistent so that switching between pronunciations would not be difficult.[13]
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, romanization of Mandarin consisted of both Beijing and Nanjing pronunciations.The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal offered that romanizing for both Nanjing and Beijing dialects was beneficial. The journal explained that, for example, because希 and西 are pronounced the same in Beijing (pinyin:xī) but differently in Nanjing (with the latter beingsi), the Standard System retains the two spellings. The system similarly retains contrasts in Beijing that are missing in Nanjing, such as that between官 (pinyin:guān) and光 (pinyin:guāng).[14]
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
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| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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