Cartwright was born inDayton, Ohio. She moved to Hollywood in 1978 and trained under voice actorDaws Butler. Her first professional role was voicing Gloria in the animated seriesRichie Rich, which she followed with a starring role in the television movieMarian Rose White (1982) and her first feature film,Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983). In 1987, Cartwright auditioned for a role ina series of animated shorts about adysfunctional family that was to appear onThe Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright intended to audition for the role ofLisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she found the role of Bart—Lisa's brother—to be more interesting. Series creatorMatt Groening allowed her to audition for Bart and offered her the role on the spot. She voiced Bart for three seasons onThe Tracey Ullman Show, and in 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show calledThe Simpsons.
Nancy Jean Cartwright was born on October 25, 1957,[1] in Dayton, Ohio.[2] She was the fourth of six children born to Frank (1927–2020) and Miriam (née Wendel; 1929–1978) Cartwright.[3][4] She grew up inKettering, Ohio,[5] and discovered her talent for voices at an early age. While in thefourth grade at the school of St. Charles Borromeo, she won a school-wide speech competition with her performance ofRudyard Kipling'sHow the Camel Got His Hump.[6] Cartwright attendedFairmont West High School, and participated in the school's theater and marching band. She regularly entered public speaking competitions, placing first in the "Humorous Interpretation" category at the National District Tournament two years running. The judges often suggested to her that she should perform cartoon voices. Cartwright graduated from high school in 1976 and accepted a scholarship fromOhio University.[7] She continued to compete in public speaking competitions; during her sophomore year, she placed fifth in the National Speech Tournament's exposition category with her speech "The Art of Animation".[8]
In 1976, Cartwright landed a part-time job doing voice-overs for commercials onWING radio in Dayton.[5] A representative fromWarner Bros. Records visited WING and later sent Cartwright a list of contacts in the animation industry.[9] One of these wasDaws Butler, known for voicing characters such asHuckleberry Hound,Snagglepuss,Elroy Jetson,Spike the Bulldog, andYogi Bear. Cartwright called him and left a message in a Cockney accent on his answering machine.[6] Butler immediately called her back and agreed to be her mentor. He mailed her a script and instructed her to send him a tape recording of herself reading it. Once he received the tape, Butler critiqued it and sent her notes. For the next year, they continued in this way, completing a new script every few weeks. Cartwright described Butler as "absolutely amazing, always encouraging, always polite".[10]
Cartwright returned toOhio University for her sophomore year, but transferred to theUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) so she could be closer to Hollywood and Butler.[5] Her mother, Miriam, died late in the summer of 1978.[11] Cartwright nearly changed her relocation plans but, on September 17, 1978, "joylessly" left forWestwood, Los Angeles.[12]
Daws Butler was Cartwright's mentor and helped her become a voice actress.[13]
While attending UCLA, which did not have a public speaking team,[14] Cartwright continued training as a voice actress with Butler. She recalled, "every Sunday I'd take a 20-minute bus ride to his house inBeverly Hills for a one-hour lesson and be there for four hours ... They had four sons, they didn't have a daughter and I kind of fitted in as the baby of the family."[13] Butler introduced her to many of the voice actors and directors atHanna-Barbera. After she met the directorGordon Hunt, he asked her to audition for a recurring role as Gloria inRichie Rich. She received the part, and later worked with Hunt on several other projects. At the end of 1980, Cartwright signed with a talent agency and landed a lead role in a pilot for asitcom calledIn Trouble. Cartwright described the show as "forgettable, but it jump-started my on-camera career".[15] She graduated from UCLA in 1981 with a degree in theater.[16] During the summer, Cartwright worked withJonathan Winters as part of an improvisation troupe atKenyon College inGambier, Ohio.[15]
Returning to Los Angeles, Cartwright won the lead role in the television filmMarian Rose White.Janet Maslin, a critic forThe New York Times, described Cartwright as "a chubby, lumbering, slightlycross-eyed actress whose naturalness adds greatly to the film's impact".[17] Cartwright replied by sending Maslin a letter insisting she was not cross-eyed, and included a photograph.[18] Later, Cartwright auditioned for the role of Ethel, a girl who becomes trapped in a cartoon world in the third segment ofTwilight Zone: The Movie. She met with directorJoe Dante and later described him as "a total cartoon buff, and once he took a look at my resume and noticed Daws Butler's name on it, we were off and running, sharing anecdotes about Daws and animation. After about twenty minutes, he said, 'considering your background, I don't see how I could cast anyonebut you in this part!'"[19] It was her first role in a feature film.[19] The segment was based onThe Twilight Zone television series episode "It's a Good Life", which was later parodied inThe Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror II" (1991).[20]
Once I had graduated from UCLA, I decided that as long as I was an actress, I was going to find related work in the industry. There were plenty of opportunities. And fortunately, I am just pushy enough to find and get myself in touch with those who can provide such opportunities.
—Nancy Cartwright,My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy[21]
In 1985, she auditioned for a guest spot as Cynthia inCheers. The audition called for her to say her line and walk off the set. Cartwright decided to take a chance on being different and continued walking, leaving the building and returning home. The production crew was confused, but she received the part.[22] In search of more training as an actress, Cartwright joined a class taught by Hollywood coachMilton Katselas. He recommended that Cartwright studyLa Strada, a 1956 Italian film starringGiulietta Masina and directed byFederico Fellini. She began performing "every imaginable scene" fromLa Strada in her class and spent several months trying to secure the rights to produce a stage adaptation.[24] She visited Italy with the intention of meeting Fellini and requesting his permission in person. Although they never met, Cartwright kept a journal of the trip and later wrote a one-woman play calledIn Search of Fellini, partially based on her voyage.[24] The play was co-written by Peter Kjenaas, and Cartwright won aDrama-Logue Award after performing it in Los Angeles in 1995. In a 1998 interview, she stated her intention to make it into a feature film,[25] which shesucceeded in doing in 2017.[26]
Cartwright voices the characterBart Simpson on the long-running animated television showThe Simpsons. On March 13, 1987, she auditioned for a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear onThe Tracey Ullman Show, a sketch comedy program. Cartwright had intended to audition for the role ofLisa Simpson, the elder daughter. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".[27] CreatorMatt Groening let her try out for Bart and gave her the job on the spot.[28] Bart's voice came naturally to Cartwright, as she had previously used elements of it inMy Little Pony,Snorks, andPound Puppies.[23] Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform compared with other characters.[23] The recording of the shorts was often primitive; the dialog was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio above the bleachers on the set ofThe Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright, the only cast member to have been professionally trained in voice acting,[29] described the sessions as "great fun".[30] However, she wanted to appear in the live-action sketches and occasionally showed up for recording sessions early, hoping to be noticed by a producer.[30]
In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on theFox network calledThe Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show'sbreakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as "Bartmania".[31][32][33][34] Bart was described as "television's brightest new star" by Mike Boone ofThe Gazette[35] and was named 1990's "entertainer of the year" byEntertainment Weekly.[36] Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season ofThe Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman.[37] Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have "no obvious traces of Bart",[23] and she believes her role is "the best acting job in the world"[23] since she is rarely recognized in public.[6] When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it "freaks [them] out".[23] Bart's catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual "Fairmont West! Fairmont West!" to the irreverent "Eat my shorts!" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.[38]
In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Until 1998, Cartwright was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors and made preparations for casting new actors.[48] The dispute was resolved, however, and Cartwright received $125,000 per episode until 2004, when the voice actors demanded $360,000 an episode.[48] A compromise was reached after a month,[49] and Cartwright's pay rose to $250,000 per episode.[50] Salaries were re-negotiated in 2008 with the voice actors receiving approximately $400,000 per episode.[51] Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Cartwright and the other cast members accepted a 25 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.[52]
It is quite a curiosity being a celebrity that nobody knows. I ask you, how many celebrities would younot recognize were they to walk down the street? ... I can think of no one—besides my fellow cast members and me. The anonymity factor is such a unique aspect of this job. I must admit, sometimes I wish it were different.
—Nancy Cartwright,My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy[53]
In addition to her work onThe Simpsons, Cartwright has voiced many other characters on several animated series, including Chuckie Finster inRugrats andAll Grown Up!, Margo Sherman inThe Critic,Mindy inAnimaniacs, andRufus thenaked mole-rat inKim Possible. For the role of Rufus, Cartwright researched mole-rats extensively, and became "a font of useless trivia".[54] She was nominated for aDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2004 for her work on the show.[55] In 2001, Cartwright took over theRugrats role of Chuckie Finster whenChristine Cavanaugh retired.[54] Cartwright describes Rufus and Chuckie as her two most difficult voices: "Rufus because my diaphragm gets a workout while trying to utilize the 18 vocal sounds a mole makes. Chuckie because ... he's an asthmatic with five personalities rolled into one—plus I have to do the voice the way [Cavanaugh] did it for 10 years."[54] Other television shows that have used her voice work includeGalaxy High,God, the Devil and Bob,Goof Troop,Mike, Lu & Og,The Replacements,Pinky and the Brain andTimberwolf.[56] Cartwright has appeared on camera in numerous television shows and films, includingFame,Empty Nest,The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,Flesh and Blood,Godzilla, and24.[56]
In 2000, Cartwright published her autobiography,My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. The book details her career (particularly her experiences as the voice of Bart) and contains stories about life behind the scenes ofThe Simpsons.[57] Laura A. Bischoff of theDayton Daily News commented that the book was the "ultimate insider's guide toThe Simpsons".[58] Critics complained that the book lacked interesting stories and was aimed mostly at fans ofThe Simpsons rather than a general audience.[59][60][61]
Cartwright adaptedMy Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy into aone-woman play in 2004. Cartwright has performed it at a variety of venues, including the August 2004Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Scotland.[2] The play received modest reviews, including criticism for a lack of inside stories aboutThe Simpsons, and its "overweeningly upbeat" tone.[62] David Chatterton ofThe British Theatre Guide described the show as "interesting and entertaining, but not really a 'must see' even for Simpsons fans".[63]
Cartwright has shown an interest instock car racing and as of 2007 was seeking aNASCAR license.[64] In 2001, she founded a production company called SportsBlast and created an online animated series calledThe Kellys. The series is focused on racing; Cartwright voices a seven-year-old named Chip Kelly.[65]
In 2016, Cartwright launched Spotted Cow Entertainment, her own film and television production company, with Peter Kjenaas, Monica Gil and Kevin Burke. With a focus on international audiences, Spotted Cow is seeking "to finance, produce and acquire live action and animated films, television series, as well as entertainment for digital platforms with budgets up to $15M."[66][67] With Spotted Cow, Cartwright made her first film as a screenwriter and producer,In Search of Fellini, which was released on September 15, 2017.[26][68] Based on her own journey toItaly in 1985 in a bid to meet the famed directorFederico Fellini, the film fulfilled Cartwright's longtime vision of turning her 1995 one-woman playIn Search of Fellini into a film.[69][70]
Cartwright met real-estate agent Warren Murphy, 24 years her senior, on her birthday in 1988 and married him two months later.[71] In her book, she describes Murphy as her "personal laugh track".[72] The couple had two children, before divorcing in 2002.[6][73][74]
Cartwright was raised aRoman Catholic[75] but joined theChurch of Scientology in 1991.[76] In 2007, Cartwright, then making about $400,000 per episode, was awarded Scientology's Patron Laureate Award after donating $10,000,000 to the Church.[77]
Cartwright is a contributor toASIFA-Hollywood's Animation Archive Project.[56] In September 2007, Cartwright received theMake-A-Wish Foundation'sWish Icon Award "for her tremendous dedication to the Foundation's fundraising and wish-fulfillment efforts."[78] In 2005, Cartwright created ascholarship at Fairmont High School "designed to aid Fairmont [graduates] who dream of following in her footsteps and studying speech, debate, drama or music" atOhio University.[79] In 2005, Cartwright was given the title of Honorary Mayor ofNorthridge, California (a neighborhood of Los Angeles) by the Northridge Chamber of Commerce.[80]
In 2007, Cartwright was in a romantic relationship with contractor Stephen Brackett,[81] a fellow member of Scientology.[82] In early 2008, the couple had made plans to marry,[18][82] but Brackett died by suicide in May 2009.[83]
In 2012, Cartwright received an honorary doctorate degree in communication fromOhio University, where she was a student from 1976 to 1977 before transferring to UCLA.[84]
Cartwright is also a painter, sculptor and philanthropist. She co-founded the Know More About Drugs alliance.[85]
^abNew York Times News Service (July 26, 2007). "Bart is a good girl at heart; the mischievous little boy, who brings his iconoclastic status to the big screen, is really a middle aged woman".Guelph Mercury.
^abHopkins, Tom (April 27, 1998). "Voicing her ambitions — The Kettering native stretches her wings — from the sounds of Bart Simpson to producing films".Dayton Daily News.
^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"Nancy Cartwright (visual voices guide)".Behind The Voice Actors (A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information). RetrievedJanuary 17, 2022.