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InIslamic law,najis (Arabic:نجس) means ritually unclean.[1] According to Islam, there are two kinds of najis: the essential najis which cannot be cleaned and the unessential najis which become najis while in contact with another najis.[citation needed]
Contact withnajis things brings a Muslim into a state of ritual impurity (Arabic:نجاسةnajāsa, in opposition toṭahārah, ritual purity). Ritual purification is then required before religious duties such as regular prayers are performed.
According toAl-Sayyid Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani, the following things are najis intrinsically:urine,faeces,semen,corpse,blood,dog,pig,disbeliever (kāfir),wine and the sweat of an excrement-eating animal.[2]
According to theShafi'ischool ofSunniIslamic jurisprudence, as systematised byAl-Nawawi in his bookMinhadj, the following things arenajis:wine and otherspirituous drinks,dogs,swine,blood,excrements, and themilk ofanimals whose meat is forbidden by Islam. Spirituous drinks are not impure according to theHanafi school, while living swine and dogs are not impure according to theMalikis.[1] There is a difference of opinion as to whether alcoholic drinks arenajis.[3]
To the list of impure things enumerated by al-Nawawi, Shi’a jurists traditionally add dead bodies andnon-believers.[1][4]
Additionally, meat of any animal which is killed in a manner other than that prescribed by Islam is najis.
Najis things cannot be purified, in contrast to things which are defiled only (mutanajis), with the exception of wine, which becomes pure when made intovinegar, and of hides, which are purified bytanning.[1]
It is possible to purify a thing which has becomenajis. Thesemuṭahhirāt agents that can purifynajis can be divided into three groups:
Not all of these agents can purify everynajis. However, among the agents water is the most universal purifying agent while the other agents are limited.
The notions of ritual impurity come mainly from the Qur'an andahadith. Swine and blood are declared forbidden food in the Qur'an.
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