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Naimans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12th-century tribal confederation of the Mongolian Plateau
Ethnic group
Naimans
ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ
Location of the Naiman khanate at the start of theMongol Empire
Regions with significant populations
Mongolia[1][2][quantify][citation needed]
China:Naiman Banner[2][quantify][citation needed]
Kazakhstan[3]940.000[4]
Languages
Turkic,[5][6][7]Mongolic[8]
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism (Mongolia)
Islam (Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan)
Shamanism
Nestorianism (Former)[citation needed]
Part ofa series on the
Hazaras
Commons


TheNaiman (/ˈnaɪmən/;Karakalpak: Nayman;Kazakh:Найман,نايمان[nɑjˈmɑn];Kyrgyz: Найман;Mongolian:ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ[ˈnɛːmɴ̩];Nogai: Найман;Uzbek: Nayman), meaningThe Eight, was a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern WesternMongolia[9] (possibly during the time of theUyghur Khaganate),[10] and is one of the 92 tribes ofUzbeks,[11] modernMongols,[2] in themiddle juz of theKazakhs,Karakalpaks,Kyrgyzs andNogais.

History

[edit]

InThe Secret History of the Mongols, the Naiman subtribe the "Güchügüd" are mentioned. According to Russian TurkologistNikolai Aristov's view, the Naiman Khanate's western border reached theIrtysh River and its eastern border reached the MongolianTamir River. TheAltai Mountains and southernAltai Republic were part of the Naiman Khanate.[12] They had diplomatic relations with theKara-Khitans, and were subservient to them until 1175.[13] Western European and Asian scholars classified them as aTurkic people fromSekiz Oghuz (means "Eight Oghuz" inTurkic).[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Scholars like Paul Ratchnevsky,[14] Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp,[25] Hans Robert Roemer,[25]Maria Czaplicka,[26]Steven Runciman,[27]John Man,[28]Morris Rossabi,[29]Frederick W. Mote,[30] Li Tang,[31] Joo-Yup Lee/Shuntu Kuang,[32] Hans-Joachim Klimkeit,[22]René Grousset[23] classified them asTurkic people.UNESCO-published History of Civilizations of Central Asia classified them asTurkic people.[22] In the Russian and Soviet historiography ofCentral Asia they were traditionally ranked among theMongol-speaking tribes.[33] For instance, such Russian orientalists asVasily Bartold,[9]Grigory Potanin, Boris Vladimirtsov,Ilya Petrushevsky,Nicholas Poppe,[33]Lev Gumilyov,[34] Vadim Trepavlov classified them as one of Mongol tribes.[33] However, the term "Naiman" has Mongolian origin meaning "eight", but their titles are Turkic, and they are thought by some to be possibly Mongolized Turks.[35] They have been described as Turkic-speaking,[35] as well as Mongolian-speaking.[36] Chinese historian Feng Chia-Sheng considered the Naimans to be the western branch of theZubu; in his view, the eastern Zubu were the Jalairs and the Tatars, while the northern Zubu were the Keraites.[37]

Like theKhitans and theUyghurs, many of them wereNestorian Christians orBuddhists.

The Naimans were located to the west of the Mongols, and there were more Naimans than Mongols in the late 12th century. In 1199, Temüjin (Genghis Khan) together with an allyOng khan launched a campaign against the Naimans.[38] They defeated Buyirugh, a Naiman khan who ruled the mountain lineage. In 1203, the lastTayang khan, the ruler of Naimans of the steppe, was killed after a battle with Genghis Khan. His sonKuchlug with his remaining Naiman troops then fled to theKara-Khitan Khanate. Kuchlug was well received there and the Khitan Khan gave him his daughter in marriage. Kuchlug soon began plotting against his new father-in-law, and after he usurped the throne, he began to persecute Muslims in theHami Oases. But his action was opposed by local people and he was later defeated by the Mongols underJebe.

Although the Naiman Khanlig was crushed by the Mongols, they were seen in every part of theMongol Empire.Ogedei's greatkhatun ("queen")Töregene might have been from this tribe.Hulegu had a Naiman general,Ketbuqa, who died in theBattle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty, the Naiman were eventually assimilated into Mongol, Tatar, and Kazakh tribes.[39]

Among Mongols

[edit]

The modern Naiman tribe is an ethnic group inNaiman Banner,Inner Mongolia of China. The clan Naiman changed the clan name andmixed with other tribes inMongolia.[40]

Among Turkic peoples

[edit]

Karakalpak

Naimans are one tribal groups of Karakalpaks.[41]

Kazakhs

[edit]

Modern Kazakh historians claim that more than 2 million of theKazakh population are Naimans (seeModern Kazakh tribes orMiddle Juz). They originate from easternKazakhstan. Some Naimans dissimilated with theKyrgyz andUzbek ethnicities and are still found among them. Now, the Naimans are one of the big tribes of modern Kazakh peoples, they belong toMiddle Juz of Kazakhs, live mainly in the eastern, central and southern parts of Kazakhstan, with a population of approximately one million among Kazakhs in Kazakhstan.

Map from a 1903 Polish encyclopedia showing the Naiman people living north ofLake Balkhash in eastern Kazakhstan

They also exist with considerable population among the Kazakhs in China, Uzbekistan and Russia, the Naiman tribe populations in the Kazakhs in China is 700000 or more, mostly living in the western part of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China, in theIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Naimans are also one of the major tribe among Kazakhs in the Uzbekistan, they also exist among Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan and Russia.[42]

Genetics

[edit]

The two most common haplogroups among the Naimans of Kazakhstan are O2a2b1-M134 (42%) and C2-M217 (37%) . At the clan level, haplogroup O2a2b1-M134 is more characteristic of the Tolegetai clan (70%), while haplogroup C2b1a2-M48 is more common among the Saryzhomart clan (61%).[43]

Genetically, the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan are most closely related to the Uzumchins, who live in Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia.[44]

According to genetic studies, the Naimans of Kazakhstan most likely descend in the direct paternal line from ancestors bearing haplogroup O, which is typically associated with East Asian populations.[45]

The Naimans, along with such tribal groups as the Uisun, Zhalayir, Kerey, Konyrat, Alimuly, Bayuly, Zhetiru, and Tore, are included in a cluster that finds genetic proximity with the populations ofBuryatEkhirit-Bulagatsky District, various groups of Mongols,Karakalpak,Khamnigan,Hazara, andEvenk populations.[46]

Kyrgyz

Naimans are part of Ichkilik (also known as Bulgachilar) one three largest tribal associations of Kyrgyzs.[47]

Nogais

Naimans are part of Nogai tribes.[48][49]

Uzbeks

The Naimans is part of 92 tribes ofUzbeks.[11]

Religion

[edit]

The main religion of the Naimans wasshamanism andNestorian Christianity. The Naimans that adopted Nestorianism probably converted around the same time theKeraites adopted the religion in the 11th century.[39] They remained so after the Mongol conquest and were among the second wave of Christians to enter China withKublai Khan.[50] Some Nestorian Naiman fled toKara Khitai during the Mongol conquests where some converted toBuddhism.[39]

There was a tradition that the Naimans and their Christian relatives, theKeraites, descended from theBiblical Magi.[51] The commander of the Mongol army that invaded Syria in 1259,Kitbuqa, was a Naiman: he is recorded to have "loved and honoured the Christians, because he was of the lineage of theThree Kings of Orient who came to Bethlehem to adore the nativity of Our Lord".[52] However, Kitbuqa was slain and his army decisively defeated at theBattle of Ain Jalut, ensuring continued Muslim hegemony over theLevant.

Nestorianism declined and vanished among the Naiman soon after the collapse of theYuan dynasty. Mongolian Naimans converted toTibetan Buddhism in the sixteenth century. The Naiman assimilated into other ethnic groups living in Eurasia and likely adopted the religion and culture of the dominant group.[39] The Naimans who settled in the western khanates of the Mongol Empire all eventually converted to Islam.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Хороо, Үндэсний Статистикийн."Үндэсний Статистикийн Хороо".Үндэсний Статистикийн Хороо.
  2. ^abcОчир А. Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов / д.и.н. Э. П. Бакаева, д.и.н. К. В. Орлова. — Элиста: КИГИ РАН, 2016. — 286 с. — С. 116—119. —ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1.
  3. ^D. Kassymova, Z. Kundakbayeva, U. Markus. Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan. — Scarecrow Press, 2012. — 362 p. — P. 191. —ISBN 978-0-8108-7983-6.
  4. ^Казахов посчитали по родам: самые многочисленные — аргыны и дулатыhttps://365info.kz/2016/08/kazahov-poschitali-po-rodam-samye-mnogochislennye-argyny-i-dulaty
  5. ^Man, John (2013).Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 19–20.ISBN 978-1-4668-6156-5.
  6. ^Rossabi, Morris (2012).The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 46.ISBN 978-0-19-993935-0.
  7. ^Mote, Frederick W. (2003).Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. p. 407.ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  8. ^Тодаева Б. Х. (1985).Язык монголов Внутренней Монголии. Очерк диалектов. Москва: Наука. p. 84.
  9. ^abБартольд В. В. (1968).Сочинения. Том V. Работы по истории и филологии тюркских и монгольских народов. Москва: Наука. p. 104.
  10. ^Кузембайулы А., Абиль Е. А. (2006).История Казахстана. Костанай: Костанайский региональный институт исторических исследований. p. 59.ISBN 978-9965-612-06-0.
  11. ^abMalikov A. "92 Uzbek Tribes" in Official Discourses and the Oral Traditions from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries
  12. ^History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  13. ^Michael Biran. The Empire of the Kara Khitai in Eurasian History, 2005, page 57.
  14. ^abRatchnevsky, Paul. "Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy". 2000, pp.1–4.
  15. ^Roemer, Hans Robert; Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (2000).History of the Turkic Peoples in the Pre-Islamic Period. Klaus Schwarz Verlag.ISBN 3-87997-283-4.
  16. ^Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette (2001).The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day. Adamant Media Corporation.ISBN 978-1-4021-6332-6.
  17. ^Runciman, Steven (1987).A History of the Crusades.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9.
  18. ^Man, John (2024-06-04).Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. Macmillan. pp. 19–20.ISBN 978-1-4668-6156-5.
  19. ^Rossabi, Morris (2012-05-04).The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 46.ISBN 978-0-19-993935-0.
  20. ^Mote, F. W. (2003-11-15).Imperial China, 900–1800. Harvard University Press. p. 407.ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  21. ^Winkler, Dietmar W.; Tang, Li (2009).Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters. 2. Auflage: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 258.ISBN 978-3-643-50045-8.
  22. ^abcSeyfeydinovich, Asimov, Muhammad; Edmund, Bosworth, Clifford; UNESCO (2000-12-31).History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing.ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^abGrousset, René (1970).The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press.ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
  24. ^Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017-10-18)."A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples".Inner Asia.19 (2):197–239.doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089.ISSN 2210-5018.
  25. ^abPhilologiae Et Historiae Turcicae Fundamenta: T. primus. History of the Turkic peoples in the pre-islamic period (in French). Klaus Schwarz. 2000.ISBN 978-3-87997-283-8.
  26. ^Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette (1999-01-01).The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day: An Ethnological Inquiry Into the Pan-Turanian Problem, and Bibliographical Material Relating to the Early Turks and the Present Turks of Central Asia. Adegi Graphics LLC.ISBN 978-1-4021-6332-6.
  27. ^Runciman, Steven (1987-12-03).A History of the Crusades. CUP Archive.ISBN 978-0-521-34772-3.
  28. ^Man, John (2024-06-04).Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. Macmillan.ISBN 978-1-4668-6156-5.
  29. ^Rossabi, Morris (2012-05-04).The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-993935-0.
  30. ^Mote, F. W. (2003-11-15).Imperial China, 900–1800. Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  31. ^Winkler, Dietmar W.; Tang, Li (2009).Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters. 2. Auflage: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster.ISBN 978-3-643-50045-8.
  32. ^Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017-10-18)."A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples".Inner Asia.19 (2):197–239.doi:10.1163/22105018-12340089.ISSN 2210-5018.The Turkic tribes that were still present in the Mongolian steppes at the turn of the thirteenth century included the Önggüt and the Naiman. The Önggüt were probably descended from the Chuyue, the above-mentioned Western Tujue tribe. The Yuanshi states that the chief of the Önggüt, Alawusi Tijihuli (阿剌兀思剔吉忽裏), who submitted to Chinggis Khan in 1203, was 'a descendant of the Shatuo-yanmen (沙陀雁門之後)' (Yuanshi 118.2923). In turn, the Xin Tangshu relates that the Shatuo (沙陀) were 'a progeny of the Chuyue, a separate tribe of the Western Tujue (西突厥別部處月種也)' (ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā Malik Juvaynī 1958: vol. 1, 55–6).28 The origin of the Naiman is not well documented. However, one may speculate that the Naiman were an offshoot of the Uighurs. As to the physiognomy of the Önggüt and the Naiman, Rashīd al-Dīn relates that the former 'resembled the Mongols (bi-mughūl mānand)' (Rashīd al-Dīn Fażlallāh Hamadānī 1988: Vol. 1, 99; Rashiduddin Fazlullah 1998–99: Vol. 1, 70) and that the girls (dukhtarān) of the latter were 'renowned for their beauty and comeliness (bi-ḥusn va jamāl mashhūr bāshand)' (Rashīd al-Dīn Fażlallāh Hamadānī 1988: Vol. 1, 99; Rashiduddin Fazlullah 1998–99: Vol. 1, 70)
  33. ^abcЭтнический национализм и государственное строительство. Москва: Институт Востоковедения РАН. 2001. p. 326.ISBN 978-5-89282-193-3.
  34. ^Gumilev, Lev (2002).Поиски вымышленного царства(PDF). p. 142.In Russian: Народа и культуры без истории не бывает, следовательно, предки найманов были членами какого-то иного этноса, и даже можно определенно утверждать, что это были просто кидани. Восьмиплеменным народом были кидани, а слово «найма» значит по-монгольски «восемь». От найманского языка сохранились только имена собственные и «культурные слова». И те и другие чаще всего бывают заимствованными у соседей. Зато мы знаем, что при столкновении с кераитами и монголами найманы великолепно с ними объяснялись, что говорит об их монголоязычии. А откуда могли монголоязычные кочевники попасть на Алтай во второй половине XII в.? Только вместе с киданями, а скорее как часть киданей, соратников Елюя Даши. In English: There can be no peoples and cultures without history; therefore, the ancestors of the Naimans must have been members of some other ethnos, and it can even be stated with certainty that they were simply the Khitans. The Khitans were an "eight-tribe people," and the word *naima* means "eight" in Mongolian. From the Naiman language only proper names and "cultural words" have been preserved, and both were most often borrowed from their neighbors. However, we know that when encountering the Keraites and the Mongols, the Naimans communicated with them perfectly well, which indicates their Mongolic speech. And how could Mongolic-speaking nomads have reached the Altai in the second half of the 12th century? Only together with the Khitans, or more likely as part of the Khitans, the companions of Yelü Dashi.
  35. ^abLi Tang (29 May 2009)."Medieval Sources on the Naiman Christians and their Prince Küchlüg Khan". In Dietmar W. Winkler; Li Tang (eds.).Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters. 2. Auflage: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. Lit Verlag.ISBN 978-3-643-50045-8.
  36. ^Barbara A. West, ed. (19 May 2010).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 577.ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  37. ^Wittfogel, Karl A.; Feng, Chia-Sheng.History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1949, pp. 581–583.
  38. ^Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank, eds. (26 January 1995).The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710 -1368 v. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 338–339.ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  39. ^abcdTang, Li (2011).East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China. Harrassowitz. pp. 30–32.ISBN 978-3-447-06580-1.
  40. ^The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, by René Grousset, p190
  41. ^"Qaraqalpaq uruwlari".www.e-sozlik.net. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved2025-09-11.
  42. ^""Kazakh shezhire"". Archived fromthe original on 2015-06-11. Retrieved2013-06-18.
  43. ^Zhabagin, M. K. (2017).Analysis of the Relationship Between Y-Chromosome Polymorphism and Tribal Structure in the Kazakh Population (in Russian). Moscow: Unknown. p. 54.
  44. ^Zhabagin, M. K. (2017). O. P. Balanovsky (ed.).Analysis of the Relationship Between Y-Chromosome Polymorphism and Tribal Structure in the Kazakh Population (in Russian). Moscow. p. 78.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  45. ^Sabitov, Zh. M. (2013)."Ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs from the Point of View of Population Genetics".The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (in Russian).5 (1):29–47. Archived fromthe original on 2019-10-29.
  46. ^Zhabagin, M. K. (2017). Balanovsky, O. P. (ed.).Analysis of the relationship between Y-chromosome polymorphism and tribal structure in the Kazakh population (in Russian). Moscow. p. 79.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  47. ^О.Karataev. Кыргыз этнографиясы боюнча сөздүк. Бишкек. "Бийиктик" - 2005
  48. ^Trepavlov. История Ногайской Орды. — М.: Восточная литература
  49. ^Heim. Начертание всеобщаго землеописания по новейшему разделению государств и земель
  50. ^Cary-Elwes, Columba.China and the Cross. (New York: P. J. Kennedy and Sons, 1956) p. 37
  51. ^In regno Tarsae sunt tres prouinciae, quarum dominatores se reges faciunt appellari. Homines illius patriae nominant Iogour. Semper idola coluerunt, et adhuc colunt omnes, praeter decem cognationes illorum regum, qui per demonstrationem stellae uenerunt adorare natiuitatem in Bethlehem Judae. Et adhuc multi magni et nobiles inueniunt inter Tartaros de cognatione illa, qui tenent firmiter fidem Christi. (In the kingdom of Tarsis there are three provinces, whose rulers have called themselves kings. the men of that country are called Uighours. They always worshipped idols, and they all still worship them, except ten families of those Kings who through the appearance of the Star came to adore the Nativity in Bethlehem of Judah. And there are still many of the great and noble of that family found among the Tartars who hold firmly to the faith of Christ.)De Tartaris Liber,, 1307 AD, also calledLa flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient, byHayton of Corycus inNovus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, edited bySimon Grynaeus andJohannes Huttichius, Basel, 1532, caput ii,De Regno Tarsae, p.420.English translation.
  52. ^Hayton of Corycus,La flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient (1307), quoted inUgo Monneret de Villard,Le Leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici, Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1952, p.162. Also found inDe Tartaris Liber, caput XXX,De Cobila Can quinto Imperatore Tartarorum, on page 445: "Nam ipse [Guiboga] fuerat de progenie trium regum, qui uenerunt natiuitatem domini adorare" ("For he was a descendant of the Three Kings who came to the Nativity to adore the Lord").

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