Nahalin | |
|---|---|
| Arabic transcription(s) | |
| • Arabic | نحالين |
| • Latin | Nahaleen (official) |
 Nahalin, 2012 | |
  Nahalin Location of Nahalin withinPalestine | |
| Coordinates:31°41′05″N35°06′57″E / 31.68472°N 35.11583°E /31.68472; 35.11583 | |
| Palestine grid | 161/121 |
| State |  State of Palestine |
| Governorate | Bethlehem |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Head of Municipality | Salah Fanoon elected 2021 |
| Area | |
• Total | 16,144 dunams (16.1 km2 or 6.2 sq mi) |
| Population (2017)[1] | |
• Total | 8,741 |
| • Density | 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Name meaning | From Hebrew נחל: "A water-course"[2] |
Nahalin, also spelledNahaleen, (Arabic:نحالين) is aPalestinian village located in theBethlehem Governorate of theState of Palestine, to the southwest ofBethlehem in theWest Bank. The village was well known for beekeeping and tens of beehives still exist in Nahalin today. The village is also known locally for its almond and olive trees, vineyards, parsley and vegetables, namely onions and beans. The built-up area of Nahalin consists of roughly 730 dunams, 20 of which make up the old center of the village.[3] The village had a population of 8,741 in 2017.[1]
Conder asserts that the name Nehalin is derived from thebiblical Hebrew נחל (nahal), "torrent", which has since been replaced by the Arabic wordwadi but occasionally preserved in the name Nehalin, which designates locations in or close to large torrents.[4]Palmer also writes that the name Nehalin is derived from Hebrew נחל, which he translates as "a water-course".[2]
InArabic, the nameNahl means a bee.[4] The wordnahaleen is Arabic for those who collect honey from bees.
The village is located inside an enclave in theGush Etzion settlement bloc, surrounded by theIsraeli settlements ofGvaot,Rosh Tzurim,Neve Daniel andBetar Illit.[5] After theOslo Accords in 1995, 91% of Nahalin land was classified asArea C, under full Israeli control, while the remaining 9% isArea B, meaning that civil affairs have been under the control of thePalestinian National Authority and security matters under the control of theIsrael Defense Forces.[6]
Potsherds from theByzantine period have been found at a hilltop.[7] Modern Nahalin was built on the remains of a medieval-era village.[3]
An archeological site known as Khirbet el-Kabra is situated on the western outskirts of the village.[3]Gershon Galil suggested to identify Khirbet el-Kabra with the biblical Nehelam, home ofShemaiah the Nehelamite, who was mentioned in theBook of Jeremiah as false prophet who went with thecaptives to Babylon and who opposedJeremiah (Jeremiah 29:31–32). According to Galil, the modern-day village of Nahalin probably preserves the ancient Hebrew name.[8]
Historically, Nahalin was frequented byBedouin and was well known for its tradition of beekeeping.[3]
Nahalin was incorporated into theOttoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 Nahalin appeared in thetax registers as being in theNahiya of Quds of theLiwa ofQuds. It had a population of 40 Muslim households and 16 Christian households. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, grape syrup or molasses, and goats or beehives; a total of 3,880Akçe.[9] Later sources no longer refer to the Christian community, andBagatti suggested the Christians in the village had converted to Islam.[10]
The French explorerVictor Guérin visited the village in the 1863, and he described it as "a jumble of small houses", with tobacco plantations surrounding it.[11]Martin Hartmann found Nahalin to have 17 houses.[12]
In 1883,PEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Nahalin as "A village of moderate size, on a kind of natural terrace on the side of a ridge, with a great valley to the north..[..] To the north is a spring in the valley; there is also a second spring to the south.[..] To the east is aMukam, with two large oak-trees, sacred to Haj 'Aleiyan."[13] "There is a tradition about tomb of Haj 'Aleiyan, of whom it is related that, having been refused entrance into the mosques because of his ragged and filthy appearance, he spread his Abba on the sea and performed his prayers on it."[14]
In 1896 the population of Nahalin was estimated to be about 162 persons.[15]
In the1922 census of Palestine, conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities, Nahhalin had a population of 316; 312 Muslims and 4 Christians,[16] where the Christians were all Orthodox.[17] In the1931 census the population of Nahhalin was a total of 440, (3 Christians and the rest Muslim), in 98 inhabited houses.[18]
In the1945 statistics the population of Nahhalin was 620, all Muslims,[19] who owned 16,144dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[20] Of this, 1,068 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,659 for cereals,[21] while 63 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[22]
In the wake of the1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the1949 Armistice Agreements, Nahalin came underJordanian rule.
On March 28, 1954, an Israeli raid byUnit 101 on anArab Legion base 4 kilometers outside Nahalin, where the Israeli forces missed the base and placed explosive charges and destroyed seven houses, including the mosque of the village[23][24] killed five national guards, three legionnaires (who were travelling from the Arab Legion base to the village) and one woman, and wounded eighteen civilians including men, women and children.[23][25] According toDavid Tal, the raid was the first of Israel's reprisal raids against a military target in Jordanian controlled territory.[24]
In 1961, the population ofNahhalin was 1,015.[26]
Since theSix-Day War in 1967, Nahalin has been underIsraeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109.[27]
From 1988-1991, journalistHelen Winternitz spent 3 years in Nahalin, publishing her experiences in the bookA Season of Stones.[28]
During the early months of theFirst Intifada on 13 April 1989, five villagers were killed byIsrael Border Police during an early morning raid. The villagers claimed the security forces opened fire without provocation as they were leaving morning prayers at the mosque. Then GeneralAmram Mitzna claimed his forces had come under attack from about 100 stone-throwing youths.[29] On 30 April 1989, preliminary findings of a military inquiry into the events indicated that the border police unit involved in the raid had "lost control and fired excessively".[30] In May 1989, the military inquiry announced that disciplinary action against four officers and seven border policemen would be taken for "misconduct".[31]During the funeral for those killed Walid Najajra, aged 23, was shot in the head byIsraeli soldiers. He died a week later in theMakassed Hospital. Reports in the Israeli press stated that the army had launched an investigation.[32]
After the1995 accords, 9% of the village land has been classified asArea B, while the remaining 91% has been classified asArea C.[6]
Large parts of Nahalin's land areconfiscated by Military Orders by declaring it Israeli "State Land".[33] Israel has afterwards used the confiscated land to constructIsraeli settlements; 135 dunum of Nahalin land went to constructGeva’ot, 1166 dunum went toBetar Illit, and 110 dunum went toRosh Zurim.[34]
Since the beginning of theal-Aqsa Intifada, severe restrictions on movement have been placed on all residents. According to theUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), from the intifada's beginning in September 2000 until the road's November 2003 reopening withIDF checkpoint monitoring, the cluster of villages represented by Nahalin,Husan andBattir were totally closed off and the only access was on foot via the Husan/al-Khadr junction.[5] In 2004, all roads but one were reopened, and residents can now move more freely. In November of that year,USAID supported the paving of that road.
In the2005 municipal elections in Nahalin, all ten elected candidates stood as independents. The candidate with the most votes was Qassim Yousif Mahmoud Awad, who got 1120 votes.[35]
According to thePalestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 6,409 in mid-year 2006,[36] of whom 35% are under the age of 18. Approximately 150 - 200 persons are registered with UNRWA as refugees of the 1948 war. Villagers carry a West Bank ID card.[5]
In 2006, about 90% of the population between the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed.[5] The natural growth of the village will become a problem in the future due to lack of living space.[5] Nahalin will become entirely closed in by both the expanding settlements and theIsraeli West Bank barrier, placing severe constraints on the movement of residents and their access to services outside the village.[5]
Nehelam should be identified with Khirbet el-Kabra, 9 km south-west to Bethlehem, on the outskirts of the Arab village of Nahalin, which preserved the ancient name of Nehelam.
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