 A nadasvaram withseevali | |
| Double reed wind | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Nagasvaram |
| Classification | Wind instruments |
Thenadaswaram[note 1] is adouble reedwind instrument fromSouth India.[1] It is used as a traditionalclassical instrument inTamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh,Telangana,Karnataka andKerala[2] and in the northern and eastern parts ofSri Lanka.
This instrument is "among the world's loudest non-brass acoustic instruments".[3] It is awind instrument partially similar to theNorth Indianshehnai, but much longer, with ahardwood body, and a large flaring bell made of wood or metal.
In South Indian culture, the nadasvaram is considered to be very auspicious, and it is a key musical instrument played in almost allHindu weddings and temples of the South Indian tradition.[4] It is part of the family of instruments known asmangala vadyam[5] (lit.mangala "auspicious",vadya "instrument"). The instrument is usually played in pairs, and accompanied by a pair of drums calledthavil;[6] it can also be accompanied with a drone from a similar oboe, called theottu.[7]
The nadasvaram is referred to in many ancient Tamil texts. TheCilappatikaram refers to an instrument called the "vangiyam".[citation needed] The structure of this instrument matches that of a nadasvaram.[citation needed] Since there are seven holes played with seven fingers, this was also called as the "eḻil". This instrument, too, is played inTamil Nadu, and is popular among theTamil diaspora.[8]
The nadasvaram contains three parts namely,kuḻal,thimiru, andanasu.[clarification needed]
It is a double reed instrument with a conical bore which gradually enlarges toward the lower end. The top portion has a metal staple (mel anaichu) into which is inserted a small metallic cylinder (kendai) which carries the mouthpiece made of reed. Besides spare reeds, a small ivory or horn needle is attached to the instrument, and used to clear the reed of saliva and other debris and allows free passage of air. A metallic bell (keeḻ anaichu) forms the bottom end of the instrument.
Theseevali, or reed, is made from a dried grass.[9]
Traditionally the body of the nadasvaram is made out of a tree calledaacha (Tamil ஆச்சா; Hindi अंजन), although nowadays bamboo, sandalwood, copper, brass, ebony, and ivory are also used. For wooden instruments, old wood is considered the best, and sometimes wood salvaged from demolished old houses is used.[10]
The nadasvaram has seven finger-holes, and five additional holes drilled at the bottom which can be stopped with wax to modify the tone.[11] The nadasvaram has a range of two and a half octaves, similar to the Indianbansuri flute, which also has a similar fingering. Unlike the flute where semi and quarter tones are produced by the partial opening and closing of the finger holes, in the nadasvaram they are produced by adjusting the pressure and strength of the air-flow into the pipe. Due to its intense volume and strength, it is largely an outdoor instrument, and much more suited for open spaces than for indoor concerts.
Some of the greatest early nadasvaram players include:
● Tiruvidaimarudur P. S. Veerusamy Pillai
American composers such asLewis Spratlan[13] have expressed admiration for the nadasvaram, and a few jazz musicians have taken up the instrument:Charlie Mariano (1923–2009) was one of the few non-Indians able to play the instrument,[14] having studied it while living in India.Vinny Golia,J. D. Parran, andWilliam Parker have performed and recorded with the instrument.[15] The German saxophonist Roland Schaeffer also plays it,[16][unreliable source?] having studied from 1981 to 1985 with Karupaia Pillai.
Among the Tamil movies, two released in the 1960s, namelyKonjum Salangai(1962) starring Gemini Ganesan andThillana Mohanambal(1968) starring Sivaji Ganesan, featured nadasvaram playing characters. For theKonjum Salankai movie,Karukurichi Arunasalam Pillai provided the nadasvaram music. Madurai Sethuraman and Ponnusamy brothers were employed for the nadasvaram playing duo characters Sivaji Ganesan and A.V.M. Rajan for theThillana Mohanambal movie directorAP Nagarajan dedicated this movie to legendKarukurichi Arunachalam.
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