Nagano (長野市,Nagano-shi;Japanese pronunciation:[naꜜɡano,naɡanoꜜɕi])[2] is the capital and largestcity ofNagano Prefecture, located in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira) in the centralChūbu region ofJapan. Nagano is categorized as acore city of Japan. Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan, with an altitude of 371.4 meters (1,219 ft).[3]
The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which isMount Takatsuma (2,353 m), and it is near the confluence of theChikuma River—the longest and widest river in Japan—and the Sai River. As of 1 July 2023[update], the city had an estimatedpopulation of 365,296 in 160,625 households, and apopulation density of 438 persons per km².[4] The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres (322.32 sq mi).
Nagano City, located in the formerShinano Province, developed in theNara period (AD 710 to 794) as a temple town (monzen machi). The city of Nagano is home toZenkō-ji, a 7th-centuryBuddhist temple that is listed as aJapanese National Treasure. Zenkō-ji was established at its current location in 642 AD. The location of Zenkō-ji is approximately two kilometers from the present-day centralNagano Station.
Between 1553 and 1564, during theSengoku Period, the Age of Warring States, Nagano was the site of a series of conflicts known as the Battles of Kawanakajima. During theEdo period (1603 and 1868), as the city developed, Nagano became an importantpost station (shukuba) on theHokkoku Kaidō highway which connectedEdo (present day Tokyo) with coast of theSea of Japan. Following theMeiji restoration, Nagano became the first established modern town in Nagano prefecture, on April 1, 1897.
The city of Nagano and several surrounding communities hosted the1998 Winter Olympics and the1998 Winter Paralympics. Nagano City is an important historical location and an industrial center, as well as a travel destination and a hub for accessing surrounding sightseeing spots, including Japan'sonsen-bathing, thesnow monkeys inYamanouchi, and the world-class ski resorts ofHakuba,Shiga Kogen andNozawaonsen.
One important legacy of the Games was an improved transportation network. In order to facilitate access to Nagano in advance of the Games, the city was linked to the high-speedshinkansen train network. The Nagano Shinkansen (now theHokuriku Shinkansen) was inaugurated five months before the start of the Games and carried 655,000 passengers during the Winter Olympics.[5] In addition, bothNagano Station andShinonoi Station were expanded, andImai Station, in the Kawanakajima area, was built to give access the Athletes village.
In addition to a transport legacy, several world-classvenues of the 1998 Winter Olympics were built, includingM-Wave, Japan's firstInternational Skating Union (ISU) standard indoor 400m double-track,[8] which happens to be one of the largest hanging wooden-roof structures in the world.[9] The Athletes Village, beside the newly constructedImai Station, was built in advance of the Games by the city of Nagano as future public residential housing, and loaned to theNagano Olympic Organizing Committee during the Games.[10] A Media Village, composed of a four-block 10-12 storey apartment complex named Asahi Danchi, was built in the Asahi district of Nagano, across the street from the M-Wave.[11][12] Asahi Danchi now includes private sector housing as well as housing for government employees.[13]
Stylized manhole cover displaying the Nagano Olympics emblem, withtactile paving
Nagano is located in north-central Nagano Prefecture, in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira), surrounding by mountains, near theconfluence of theChikuma River and the Sai River. The Sai River in Nagano should not be confused with theSai River (Gifu) even though both rivers have the samekanji and reading, 犀川 (Saigawa). Other important rivers include the Susobana River, which originates in the Togakushi highland area, and the Torii River, which also originates in the Togakushi highlands. The Chikuma River is 367.0 km long, 29.5 km of which are within the Nagano city limits. The Sai River is 157.7 km long, with 44.2 km in Nagano. All 40.1 km of the Susobana River are in Nagano City, and 10.4 km of the 34.8 km-long Torii River are in Nagano[14]Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park,Jōshin'etsu-kōgen National Park andChūbu-Sangaku National Park are each partially located within Nagano City.
The present-daycore city of Nagano includes the districts and former towns of Nagano, Shinonoi, Matsushiro, Wakaho, Kawanakajima, Kohoku, Naniai, Shinkomachi, Toyono, Togakushi, Kinasa, Ooka, Shinshushincho, Nakajo.
Along the route on Mt. Togakushi, Nagano, to Oku ShrineMount MinakamiIizuna Highlands
Mount Takatsuma, 2,353 m, straddlesMyōkō, Niigata and Nagano City. It is the highest peak of the Togakushi mountain range, is one of100 Famous Japanese Mountains, and due to its pyramidal shape it is also known as Togakushi Fuji.[15] Takatsuma is the highest point in Nagano City. The lowest point is located in the Asano area of Toyono, 327.4 meters above sea level.
The population of Nagano City has declined by 10,000 since the mid-1990s. As of April 1, 2019, the city had a total population of 376,080 people, made up of 193,982 women and 182,098 men in 160,625 households.[19]
Shinano, located approximately 20 kilometers north of Nagano.Lake Nojiri is found in Shinano. Lake Nojiri was home toKokusaimura (International Village), a landownership association, made up principally of Christian missionaries who had cottages there from the early 20th Century.
When we first went to Lake Nojiri, the International Village was like an island of affluence in a sea of poverty. But, as the Japanese economy recovered from the war, the scales tipped until we became an island of poverty in a sea of affluence.[22]
— Alden Matthews, My Three Worlds (2007)
Nakano, located in the Zennoji Plain, on the Chikuma River and surrounded by mountains, experienced significant growth after the 1998 Winter Olympics.
Suzaka, a formercastle town (jōkamachi) during theEdo periodTokugawa shogunate on the opposite side of theChikuma River from Nagano. The city was noted in the Meiji period for its silk industry. After World War II, an electronics industry was established. The city is also noted for apples and grapes, and the Prefectural Agricultural Research Station is located there.
Ueda, approximately 35 kilometers south of Nagano, was a former castle town of theUeda Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. The ruins ofUeda Castle are an important historical site in the city.
Chikuma, located approximately 20 kilometers south of Nagano, includes numerous burial tombs (tumuli) from theKofun period. During theNara period, several importantMan'yōshū poems were set here. The area around Chikuma prospered during the Edo period as severalpost stations along the pilgrimage route to the famedZenkō-ji were located here.Obasute Station, aswitchback station is located here.
Ōmachi is approximately 40 kilometers west of Nagano. TheHida Mountains, also called the Japanese Northern Alps, with 3000m peaks surround Ōmachi. The area was part of the holdings ofMatsumoto Domain during the Edo period.
Omi is approximately 30 kilometers southwest of Nagano Station. The town is in the Hijiiri Highlands, andHijiri-Kōgen Station is located here, as isKitayama Dam.
Chikuhoku is located in the Matsumoto Basin, and theHigashijo Dam andOnikuma Dam are located here. Most of the area was under the control of Matsumoto Domain during the Edo period.
Ikusaka is approximately 50 kilometers southwest of Nagano, in the center of Nagano Prefecture. Two dams,Ikusaka Dam andTaira Dam are found here. The area of present-day Ikusaka was part of the holdings of Matsumoto Domain during the Edo period.
Ogawa is approximately 20 kilometers west of Nagano. It is listed as one ofThe Most Beautiful Villages in Japan. It is an important agriculture center, primarily rice cultivation.
Hakuba, located 45 km west of Nagano Station, is an internationally renowned ski resort town in the northern Japan Alps. The surrounding valley has an annual snow fall of over 11 meters, and the 10 ski resorts have more than 200 runs. The village was an important site for 1998 Winter Olympics (Alpine skiing,ski jumping, andcross-country). Most of Hakuba is located inChūbu-Sangaku National Park.
Otari is located approximately 55 kilometers northwest of Nagano Station. It is in the mountainous far northwest of Nagano Prefecture, bordered by Niigata Prefecture to the north and west. Much of the village is within the borders of theChūbu-Sangaku National Park or theMyōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park.
Myōkō, on the border of Nagano Prefecture, lies in mountains surrounding the historical entrance to the Echigo Plains. The city is surrounded by five mountains. Madarao, Myōkō, Kurohime, Togakushi and Iizuna are collectively known as the Five Peaks of Northern Shinano (Hokushingogaku). Mount Myōkō (2,454 m) is in the city, much of which is within the borders of the Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park.
Nagano is located in formerShinano Province and developed from theNara period as a temple town at the gate of the famousZenkō-ji, a 7th-centuryBuddhist temple which was relocated to this location in 642 AD.
Following theMeiji restoration and the creation of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the modern town of Nagano was established. Nagano was elevated to city status on April 1, 1897.DuringWorld War II, construction of theMatsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters as the last redoubt for the Japanese government following the projectedAmerican invasion of Japan was started in 1944, but was aborted in 1945 due to the end of war.
The city borders expanded on July 1, 1923, with the annexation of the neighbouring town of Yoshida and villages of Sarita, Miwa and Komaki.
The city again expanded on April 1, 1954, by annexing neighbouring villages of Asahi, Furusato, Yanagihara, Wakatsuki, Asakawa, Naganuma, Amori, Odagiri, Imoi and Mamejima. In 1959, due to the flooding of Chikuma River, 71 people died or were missing and 20,000 homes were flooded. On October 16, 1966, the city again expanded by annexing the neighbouring towns of Kawanakajima,Matsushiro and Wakaho, and villages of Shinonoi, Kohoku, Shinko, and Naniai. During the 1985 Matsushiro earthquake, 27 people died and 60 homes were destroyed or badly damaged due to landslides. In 1999, Nagano was designated as acore city (中核市,Chūkakushi), a category ofJapanese city. Nagano continued to expand on January 1, 2005, by absorbing the municipalities ofToyono, and the village ofTogakushi, andKinasa (fromKamiminochi District), and the village ofŌoka (fromSarashina District).
The gross value of goods and services of the economy in the city of Nagano in 2016 was estimated to be 4,438,580,046,000 yen, approximately US$40.5 billion.[26] The largest percentage of this, 41.8%, was related to wholesale and retail, followed by healthcare and welfare, 25.9%, manufacturing, was 13.7%.[27]
In 2016, Nagano City had 183,710 people in employment, with 21.1% of workers in wholesale or retail, 14.%% in healthcare and welfare, and 11.6% are in manufacturing.[28] Other major employers include hotels and restaurants, 9% of employees, and construction industry, 7.9%; farming and forestry workers comprised 1.1% of the working population.[29]
Japan Post has one of its 10 nationalPostal College (郵政大学校,Yuuseidaigakkou) training centers located in Nagano City, 1.5 km east ofNagano Station.
Nishina, a manufacturer of hydraulic equipment for construction machinery and industrial vehicles, includingforklifts, was established in 1939.[30] It's HQ and one of its factories are in theToyono area of Nagano City. Another of its factories is in neighboringSuzaka. In 2001, Nishina joined theToyota Industries group.
Nagano is home to several private and public universities. Four of the ten universities recognized as major universities in the prefecture have campuses in the city, including the newest prefectural university,The University of Nagano.[31]
The University of Nagano, a 4-year university, replaced the 2-year Nagano Prefectural College in 2018. The university has two campuses, named for their location in Nagano, Miwa Campus and Gocho Campus.[32] The university has an affiliatedCenter for Social Innovation Initiatives. The university is unique in Japan in that all first-year students live in a dormitory and all second-year students take part in overseas study programs.
Nagano Prefectural College, is a 2-year prefectural college in the Miwa area of Nagano City. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1929. It became the 4-year university, The University of Nagano, in April 2018.[33] Nagano Prefectural College will close when its final students graduate in March 2020.
National Institute of Technology, Nagano College, is a national engineering college located in the Tokuma area of Nagano City. The national college has 5 departments: Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electronics and Control Engineering, Electronic and Computer Science, and Civil Engineering.[34]
Nagano Prefectural Agricultural College is a two-year practical, comprehensive agricultural college located in the Matsushiro area of Nagano.
Nagano Women's Junior College is a private women's junior college located in the Miwa area of Nagano, approximately 700 meters to the east of The University of Nagano.
Nagano University of Health and Medicine opened in 2015 in the Kawanakajima area of Nagano. It has a Faculty of Nursing and a Faculty of Health Science for rehabilitation.
Nagano has 55 public elementary schools and 24 public middle schools operated by the city government, along with one public middle school operated by the national government and four private middle schools. The city has 12 public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education, of which three are vocational, one public high school operated by the city government, and five private high schools. In addition, the city has four special education schools.
The city's main railway hub isNagano Station. The coming of the1998 Winter Olympics saw important changes to the transportation systems. Nagano Station and the smallerShinonoi Station were expanded, and with the construction of the Athletes village for the Games in the Kawanakajima area,Imai Station was opened. Finally, theHokuriku Shinkansen, initially named theNagano Shinkansen, connecting Nagano toTakasaki, Gunma where it merges with theJōetsu Shinkansen and continues toŌmiya Station andTokyo Station, opened in 1997 to accommodate the expected increase in travelers to Nagano. This reduced by half the travel time betweenTokyo and Nagano, to 79 minutes for 221 kilometers.[35] As the main railway hub of the region, Nagano Station connectsJR East,Shinano Railway, andNagano Electric Railway in the city center. The JR trains carry 36,612 passengers per day with private rail carrying another 15,082 (and buses carry 20,229 passengers).[36]
Buses for theKawanakajima Bus and the Nagano Dentetsu Bus Co. service the city and surrounding areas, departing both Nagano Station and the Nagano Bus Terminal just west of the station. Local bus provider,Alpico Kōtsū, departs from a dedicated office across the street from the Zenkō-ji Exit ofNagano Station. Long-distance highway bus services depart from the East Exit ofNagano Station. There is also a daily bus toNarita Airport.
Gururin-go is a central district bus that runs in a circular loop from Nagano Station to Zennoji, passingZenkō-ji, the Nagano Prefectural Office, and the Nagano Bus Terminal. Regardless of where you board or disembark, the fare is 150 yen.[37]
Nagano is surrounded by mountains which boast hiking, camping, and cycling. In addition, the city includes 46 national-designated cultural assets, 55 prefectural-designated cultural assets, 298 municipal-designated cultural assets, and finally 59 national-registered structures and 7 monuments in Nagano city.[38]
Zenkō-ji Buddhist temple and pilgrimage destination, that was established in its current location in the middle of the 7th century.
Togakushi Shrine, a complex of five Shinto shrines, in the mountains above Nagano, whose uppermost shrine is approached via a path of more than 300Cryptomeria trees.
The Taishō era the Fujiya Gohonjin Hotel and Restaurant (built in 1925) in Daimon-cho.Matsushiro Castle moats and reconstructed gateThe Battle of Kawanakajima - Takeda Shingen on the left and Uesugi Kenshin on the right
Monzenmachi is the surrounding area in front of the gate leading toZenkō-ji. The area has historical buildings, lodgings, shops, and restaurants.
Zenkoji Nakamise-dori Street, a stone-paved street extending from Niomon Gate of Zenkoji, has many local shops.
Daimon-cho, old merchant houses from theTaisho era, with stone lanterns and large pavement stones
Patio Daimon, a commercial complex, that opened in 2017, that was established by renovating old warehouses and merchant houses.
Matsushiro Castle, with its surrounding castle town, preserves manysamurai residences, temples, and gardens of the Edo period.
TheBunbu School (Matsushiro Literary and Military School) is a National Historic Site located next to Matsushiro Castle
The Matsushiro Clan Sanada Jumangoku Festival, in mid-October, is a recreation of a 16th-century procession and performance.
Nearby is the former residence of the Yokota family, a middle-classsamurai, with aminka (thatched-roof) and garden with seasonal flowers.
Also nearby is theSakuma Zozan Shrine. Zozan was a 19th Japanese scholar, scientist, and linguist who advocated the opening up of Japan. In 1864, Zozan was assassinated byKawakami Gensai, one of the most famous assassins of the Bakumatsu period, as Zozan was on return fromKyoto on a failed visit to seeEmperor Kōmei to seek the opening of Japanese ports. Zozan, "a driving force in pioneering a new age",[39] inspires theUniversity of Nagano "to act as a source for regional revitalization and reinvigoration and as a base for knowledge that will activate industry, culture, and lifestyles in Nagano".[40]
Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters (松代大本営跡 Matsushiro Daihon'ei Ato) was a large underground bunker complex built during the Second World War, constructed so that the central organs of government ofImperial Japan could be transferred there. Construction began in November 1944 and continued untilJapan's surrender on August 15, 1945. Between 7,000 and 10,000 Koreanslave laborers were used to build the complex, and it is estimated that 1,500 of them died.[41]
Also nearby is the Tenku-ji Temple, where prayers are offered for war dead of the Kawanakajima battles. This temple is the family temple of Shingen's brother,Nobushige, who died in 1561 in one of the battles. Included at the temple is a 5-meter statue of the ruler of theunderworld inBuddhist mythology,King Enma (閻魔王, Enma-ō).
Kitano Museum of Art[43] is an important regional art museum located in the Wakaho district of Nagano City, located approximately 7.5 km southeast of Nagano Station. Its collection of art includes works by:
Chibikko Ninja-mura (Kids Ninja Village), Togakushi, from late April to late November.
Sporting venues built for the Winter Olympics including theM-Wave speed skating arena (with the world's largest wooden suspension roof),Big Hat arena, and theAqua Wing Arena.
![From top of left, Zenkoji, Mount Togakushi, Kinasa village, Nagano Big Hat arena, Aerial in Kawanakajima, Susobana Valley [ja], headquarters of Marukome (famous miso manufacturing company) in Nagano, Oyaki Japanese sweets a.k.a. Imagawayaki, Togakushi ski resort [ja], and Matsushiro Castle](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNagano_montages.JPG)
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