Nadvirna Надвiрна Nadwórna;נאַדוואָרנאַ | |
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 Town Hall | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Nadvirna Location of Nadvirna within Ukraine Show map of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Nadvirna Nadvirna (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine | |
| Coordinates:48°38′N24°35′E / 48.633°N 24.583°E /48.633; 24.583 | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast |
| Raion | Nadvirna Raion |
| Hromada | Nadvirna urban hromada |
| Area | |
• Total | 25.53 km2 (9.86 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 22,504 |
• Estimate | 22,112 |
| • Density | 881.5/km2 (2,283/sq mi) |
Nadvirna (Ukrainian:Надвірна,IPA:[nɐdˈwirnɐ]ⓘ;Polish:Nadwórna;Yiddish:נאַדוואָרנאַ,romanized: Nadvorna) is acity located inIvano-Frankivsk Oblast in westernUkraine. It is the administrative centre ofNadvirna Raion. Nadvirna hosts the administration ofNadvirna urban hromada, one of thehromadas of Ukraine.[1] Population:22,504 (2022 estimate).[2]
From the mid-14th century until 1772 (seePartitions of Poland) Nadvirna, known in Polish as Nadwórna, was part of theKingdom of Poland. In 1772, it was annexed by theHabsburg Empire, and remained in the province ofGalicia until late 1918. In the inter-war years, the borders changed and the town became part of theSecond Polish Republic. Following the 1939Invasion of Poland, it was annexed into theUkrainian SSR (see alsoMolotov–Ribbentrop pact). Nadvirna was occupied by the Germans in 1941 duringWorld War II. After the war it was once again absorbed into theUkrainian SSR. Since itsindependence in 1991, the city has been part ofUkraine.
The town is located in a slightly hilly, verdant area twenty miles (32 km) northeast of theCarpathian Mountains. Major exports and raw materials from the town include salt, oil and petroleum products, and timber. The town was popular at the start of the 20th century as a summertime resort, with restaurants and hotels.
Evidence of the early settlement in the region around Nadvirna dates back to 2000 BC. Numerous finds ofBronze Age artifacts attest to a vibrant culture. The town was built around the Pniv castle. ThePniv (Polish:Pniów) Castle was probably built in the second half of the 16th century by theStolnik ofHalych (Halicz), Paweł Kuropatwa, as a residence of his family. The castle was successfully defended in 1621, in 1648, and in 1676, during thePolish–Ottoman War (1672–76). Abandoned in the 18th century, it turned into a ruin.
The town itself is first mentioned in chronicles dating back to 1589, in an act describing an attack on the inhabitants byTatars. In the second half of the 16th century the town received self-governing status. In the period of Halych, the town was situated on a major trading route and a taxation office was located there. The shield of the Kuropat family has been adopted for use by the town of Nadvirna. After an attack by the Tartars, the Kuropat family built a more inaccessible fortress in 1589. In 1621, theOpryshky under the leadership ofHrynia Kardash had their base of operations close by. In 1648 the inhabitants took part in the Cossack insurrection underBohdan Khmelnytsky. Soldiers from Nadvirna joined the forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in his drive toLviv. In the 17th century the town became an important centre for the building professions and also an important centre for trade. Trade fromHungary to central Ukraine traveled through Nadvirna.
In 1805, a court was set up in the town. In the 19th century the trades began to be replaced by factory manufacturing. One of the largest factories inGalicia for the construction of farm machinery was built in 1843. These machines were demonstrated at the second world exhibition held in Vienna in 1844. In 1870 a match factory was built in the town. In 1886 deposits of oil were discovered locally. In 1893 a railway line was built toStanislaviv. The first train traveled the line on 21 October 1894. In the late 18th century, CountIgnacy Cetner founded here a tobacco field, excavated local salt deposits, and invited German settlers. AfterWorld War I and thePolish–Ukrainian War, Nadwórna returned to Poland, where it remained until the 1939Invasion of Poland.
DuringWorld War I, the2nd Brigade of the Polish Legions operated in the area of Nadvirna. In the winter of 1914/1915, the brigade faced here theImperial Russian Army, which planned to cross theCarpathian Mountains, and enterHungary. In 1929, in a nearby village of Starunia, almost completeWoolly rhinoceros was found, preserved inozokerite. This unique trove, one of its kind, is now kept atKraków’s Nature Museum. Altogether, in 1907 – 1932, four rhinoceroses and one mammoth were found in the area of Nadvirna. In the interbellum period, the mammoth and one of the rhinoceroses were kept at the Dzieduszycki Nature Museum inLviv (then Lwow). AfterWorld War II, they remained in the city, and are still kept in the now-Ukrainian museum.
In June 1941, some 80 inmates of the localNKVD prison were murdered along the Bystrytsya river, their bodies were unearthed and properly buried in July 1941. Among the victims were women and children (seeNKVD prisoner massacres). During the war, almost all of the 4500 Jewish residents of Nadvirna, men, women, and children, were murdered by Germans and by Ukrainian townspeople and police.[3] In 1945, Polish residents of the town were forced to leave the area and the handful of survivors of the Jewish population did not return. Most of the Poles later settled inPrudnik andOpole.
Nadvirna has a Greek-Catholic church and a Roman Catholic Cathedral in the name of the Trinity built in 1599. A Roman Catholic parish was formed in 1609.
In the 16th and 17th centuries most of the population of 2233 was illiterate. In the 18th century a school was built to serve 100 students using a German and a Jewish curriculum.
Distribution of the population by native language according to the2001 census:[4]
| Language | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Ukrainian | 19 593 | 95.02% |
| Russian | 653 | 3.17% |
| Other or undecided | 374 | 1.81% |
| Total | 20 620 | 100.00% |
Nadvirna once had a largeJewish population, whose recorded history in the city dates from at least 1765. The city is still known forits Hasidic dynasty and rabbinical families, many of whom now live inIsrael.
In 1880, a census showed that there were 6,552 people living in Nadvirna, of whom 4,182 (64%) were Jewish. But by 1890, there were 7,227 inhabitants, 3,618 (50%) of them Jewish, and by 1921, there were 6,062 inhabitants, 2,042 (34%) of them Jewish. By the end of 1942 all but a very few of the Nadvirna Jews had been murdered in theHolocaust, some inghettos created in the city, but many killed in theBelzecconcentration camp.
There is a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust from Nadvirna in theBaron Hirsch CemeteryStaten Island,New York where the Nadwornalandsmanshaft has a section. A photo can be found here.[5]
The emblematic blue box of theJewish National Fund was invented by a bank clerk from Nadvirna named Haim Kleinman. Kleinman visited Israel in the 1930s and planned to makealiyah, but was murdered in theHolocaust.[6]
On 12 August 2018, theNadworna Shtetl Research Group dedicated a monument to the victims of theHolocaust from Nadvirna in the Nadvirna Jewish Cemetery.[7]
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As of late 2006, the following vital records of the town's former Jewish community were known to have survived, and were available for genealogical research:
This is only a partial list of available records, and it only references records from the actual town of Nadvirna proper. There are also records available from the "Nadworna Poviat", which is the larger administrative district that included several smaller local villages.
Note that records less than 100 years old stored in Poland — which in this case means either AGAD or the Warsaw USC office — are not open to the public due to strict Polish privacy laws. This does not affect records stored in Ukraine.
Some of these vital records, particularly the ones stored at AGAD in Warsaw, have been microfilmed by theMormons (LDS Church) and the microfilms are available to research at theirFamily History Centers, free of charge.
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Nadvirna istwinned with:
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