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TheNK-92 cell line is animmortalised cell line that has the characteristics of a type ofimmune cell found in human blood called 'natural killer' (NK) cells. Blood NK cells and NK-92 cells recognize and attackcancer cells as well as cells that have been infected with avirus,bacteria, orfungus.[1] NK-92 cells were first isolated in 1992 in the laboratory of Hans Klingemann at theBritish Columbia Cancer Agency in Vancouver, Canada, from a patient who had a rare NK cellnon-Hodgkin-lymphoma.[2] These cells were subsequently developed into a continuously growing cell line. NK-92 cells are distinguished by their suitability for expansion to large numbers, ability to consistently kill cancer cells and testing in clinical trials. When NK-92 cells recognize a cancerous or infected cell, they secreteperforin that opens holes into the diseased cells and releasesgranzymes that kill the target cells. NK-92 cells are also capable of producing cytokines such astumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) andinterferon gamma (IFN-y),[3] which stimulates proliferation and activation of other immune cells.
Several phase 1 clinical trials have been performed by experts in the field ofadoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Hans Klingemann and Sally Arai completed a US trial atRush University Medical Center (Chicago) inrenal cell cancer and melanoma patients in 2008,[4] and Torsten Tonn, MD and Oliver Ottmann, MD completed the European trial at theUniversity of Frankfurt in patients with various solid and hematological malignancies in 2013.[5] Armand Keating atPrincess Margaret Hospital inToronto conducted a trial in which NK-92 cells were given to patients who had relapsed afterautologous bone marrow transplants forleukemia or lymphoma. In all clinical trials so far, NK-92 cells were administered as a simple intravenous infusion, dosed two or three times per treatment course, and given in the outpatient setting.
Of the 39 patients enrolled across the three studies, 2 serious (grade 3–4) side-effects occurred during or after the infusion of NK-92 cells, the side effects disappeared afterward. The doses given to patients ranged from 1x108 cells/m2 to 1x1010 cells/m2 per infusion. Patients received between two and three infusions over a period of less than a week. About one-third of the treated patients had clinically meaningful responses with some of them fully recovering.
In a 2017 study by Congcong Zhang and Winfried S. Wels, NK-92 cells were genetically engineered to recognize and kill specific human cancers by expressingchimeric antigen receptors (CARs).[6] CAR-engineeredT-lymphocytes (CAR-T) have garnered attention in immuno-oncology, as the infusion of CAR-T cells has been shown to induce remissions in some patients with acute and chronicleukemia andlymphoma. However, CAR-T cells can causecytokine release syndrome (CRS). CAR-engineered NK cells from either peripheral or cord blood have not proved to be as feasible for use to treat diseases as they are difficult to expand to get sufficient numbers, and the yields can be variable and/or too low. Also,genetic transduction to introduce the CAR into blood NK cells requireslentiviral orretroviral vectors, which are only moderately efficient.
NK-92 cells, in contrast to NK-92 CAR-T cells, have predictable expansion kinetics and can be grown in bioreactors that produce billions of cells within a couple of weeks.[7] Further, NK-92 cells can easily be transduced by physical methods, andmRNA can be shuttled into NK-92 cells with high efficiency. CAR-expressing NK-92 have been generated to target a number of cancer surface receptors[8] such as programmed death domain ligand 1 (PD-L1),CD19 (a type of B cell receptor),[9][10]human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2) andepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, aka HER1); and many of these engineered NK-92 cells are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.[11]
NK-92 cells, which require interleukin-2 (IL-2) for growth, have also been genetically altered with an IL-2 gene to allow them to grow in culture without the addition of IL-2.[12] They have also been engineered to express a high-affinityFc-receptor which is the main receptor formonoclonal antibodies to bind to NK-92 and use their cytotoxic load to kill cancer cells.[13][14] The cells have been further engineered to express Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) such as programmed death domain ligand 1 (PD-L1).[15] During the course of development, NK-92 cells were renamedactivated NK cells (aNK) and the different variants have been designated as follows:
NK-92 = parental cells, later designatedaNK
NK-92ci = NK-92 cells transfected with an episomal vector for expression of IL-2
NK-92 mi = NK-92 cells transfected with an MFG vector for expression of IL-2
haNK = NK-92 (aNK) transfected with a plasmid expressing high affinity CD16 FcR and erIL-2
taNK = NK-92 (aNK) transfected with either a plasmid or lentiviral vector expressing a CAR
t-haNK = NK-92 (aNK) transfected with a plasmid expressing a CAR and CD16 FcR erIL-2
qt-haNK = NK-92 (aNK) transfected with a plasmid expressing a 4th gene in addition to a CAR, the CD16 FcR, and erIL-2: examples: homing receptor of the CXCR family or immune-active cytokines
The high affinity Fc-receptor-expressing NK (haNK) cells were administered to patients with advancedMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and there were some notable responses. Currently, a HER2-targeted aNK (taNK) line and various t-haNK (CAR and Fc-receptor expressing) cell lines are in clinical trials in patients with various cancers, as described in the review "The NK-92 cell line 30 years later: its impact on natural killer cell research and treatment of cancer."[16]
Global rights to the NK-92 cell line were assigned toImmunityBio Inc. (formerly NantKwest, Inc.). ImmunityBio's only authorized NK-92 distributor is Brink Biologics, Inc. (San Diego), which makes NK-92 cells and certain genetically modified CD16+ variants available to third parties for non-clinical research under a limited use license agreement.
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