Nùng Autonomous Territory Pays Nung / Territoire Autonome Nung Xứ Nùng / Khu tự trị Nùng 農處 / 農族自治區 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947–1954 | |||||||||||
| Motto: "Trung Hiếu" (忠孝) (English: "Loyalty", "Filial piety") | |||||||||||
 A political and demographic map of theHải Ninh Province at the time of the Nùng Autonomous Territory. | |||||||||||
| Status | Autonomous territory ofTonkin (1947–1948) Autonomous federation within theFrench Union (1947–50) Crown domain of theVietnamese Emperor (1950–54) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Móng Cái | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Chinese (Hakka andJyut),French,Vietnamese | ||||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Chinese Nùng,Dao,Kinh,Thổ,Sán Dìu, andNgái | ||||||||||
| Lãnh tụ Nùng | |||||||||||
• 1947–1954 | Voòng A Sáng[a] | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||||
• Established | 1947 | ||||||||||
| 20 July 1954 | |||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 4.500[1] km2 (1.737 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 1949 | 120.000[1] | ||||||||||
| Currency | piastre (1947—1953) đồng (from 1953) | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Quảng Ninh Province and theĐình Lập District,Vietnam | ||||||||||
TheNùng Autonomous Territory (French:Territoire Autonome Nung;Vietnamese:Khu tự trị Nùng), also known as theHải Ninh Autonomous Territory (Vietnamese:Khu tự trị Hải Ninh), theNùng Hải Ninh Autonomous Territory (French:Territoire autonome Nung de Hai Ninh;Vietnamese:Khu tự trị Nùng Hải Ninh), and theNùng country (French:Pays Nung;Vietnamese:Xứ Nùng), abbreviated asTAN, was an autonomous territory for theChinese Nùng within theFrench Union created during theFirst Indochina War by theFrench colonial government in Indochina. During this period theFrench hoped to weaken the position of theViệt Minh by granting more autonomy toethnic minorities in Vietnam in the hopes of getting more support from them in their fight against the predominantlyKinh Việt Minh, which took control of large parts ofVietnam following theAugust Revolution and thepower vacuum that occurred following thesurrender of Japan at the end ofWorld War II.
The Nùng Autonomous Territory was created as a homeland for the Chinese Nùng people (which should not be confused withthe Tai people of the same name) in what is now theQuảng Ninh Province. The territory became a part EmperorBảo Đại'sDomain of the Crown[2] within theState of Vietnam in 1950 and would continue to serve French interests until the territory was handed over to theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam in 1954 following theGeneva Accords prompting many of its inhabitants to become refugees and moving toSouth Vietnam and members of its military to later join theARV.
The Chinese Nùng's name originated from the fact that almost all of them were farmers (nong nhan inCantonese).[3] After theTreaty of Tientsin, the French refused to recognise this group as Chinese due to political and territorial issues on Vietnam's northern frontier border, therefore the French classified them as "Nùng" (農) based on their main occupation. The most widely used languages of the Chinese Nùng areCantonese andHakka Chinese[4] since they descended from people speaking these languages.
Voòng A Sáng (黃亞生, 1902–1975), alternatively known as Hoàng Phúc Thịnh (黃福盛) was a commander of aNùng regiment in theFree French Forces duringWorld War II. After theJapanese conqueredFrench Indochina from the French he and many of the Free French Forces were forced to take refuge in theShiwandashan (十万大山) mountain range between the provinces ofGuangdong andGuangxi inChina.[5] Voòng A Sáng, a Hakka, commanded ajunk boat following theRed River fromFangchenggang, Guangxi.[5][6] He and an expeditionary force of French Nùng soldiers returned toCô Tô Island and the Vạn Hoa region where the terrain was favourable for the recapture of Móng Cái from theViệt Minh.[5][6]
The junk that used by Voòng A Sáng was named theTrung Hiếu (忠孝), this ship was later used as a symbol for the recapture of Móng Cái and the founding of the Nùng Hải Ninh Autonomous Territory, it was later also used on itscoat of arms.[5][6]
On 14 July 1946, Captain Voòng A Sáng, on behalf of the Hải Ninh Main Force Council (Hội Đồng Quân Chính Hải Ninh), announced the establishment of the Nùng Hải Ninh Autonomous Territory withinTonkin,French Indochina, under the auspices of theHigh CommissionerÉmile Bollaert.[5][6]
The Nùng Autonomous Territory had theTerritorial Council (Hội đồng Lãnh thổ) as its legislative body.[7] The Territorial Council consisted of representatives elected by its population with each delegate representing 1000 inhabitants.[7] The territory executive had a standing ruling council.[7] It also had a Provincial Parliament (Nghị viện tỉnh).[1]
In the Nùng Autonomous Territory the general laws of Vietnam applied.[7] This made it different from the contemporaryThái Autonomous Territory (Sip Song Chau Tai), where the traditional Thái law was used as the basic law.[7]
On 15 April 1950 it was nominally placed under the authority of theDomain of the Crown with the enactment of theDụ số 6/QT/TG decree by Chief of StateBảo Đại.[8]
The leader of the Nùng Autonomous Territory wasVoòng A Sáng, a Hakka who was born on 19 March 1902 inTấn Mài,Hà Cối District,Hải Ninh Province,Tonkin,French Indochina (present-dayHải Hà District,Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam).[5] In 1914 he attended amilitary academy known as thehọc trường Thiếu Sinh Quân Núi Đèo, after graduating in 1920 he joined theFrench army where he was promoted to sergeant (Thượng Sĩ) in 1931.[5] At that time, soldiers were only promoted to the rank Sergeant at the highest, if they wanted to be a Lieutenant they had to graduate from the officers' school.[5] In 1932 he entered theFréjus officer school in France, graduating in 1935 with the rank of Lieutenant (Thiếu Uý). He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel (Trung Uý, 1940), Lieutenant Colonel (Đại Uý, 1945), Major (Thiếu Tá, 1949), Lieutenant Colonel (Trung Tá, 1951), and Colonel (Đại Tá, 1954).[5] Voòng A Sáng administered the territory together with a French province-level advisor.[1]
Regarding the judicial organisation of the Nùng Autonomous Territory, Voòng A Sáng and the French advisor established aSupreme Court (Toà án tối cao), the Second Court (Toà án cấp hai), and the Primary Court (Toà án sơ cấp).[1] The Supreme Court consisted of Voòng A Sáng himself, a French adviser, and a congressman.[1] In terms of military, Voòng A Sáng built up a police force that was united with the French border army, this police force were called the regular army (quân chính quy) and the militia army (quân đội dân phòng) and served as both the local security apparatus and the territory's self-defense force.[1]
The government of the Nùng Autonomous Territory had a Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, and a Ministry of National Defense.[6]
Its Ministry of education compiled a Ngái script dictionary namedNổng Vủn Slu Tèn (儂文字典).[5] It used a Latin phonetic alphabet to read Ngái according to the Vietnamese pronunciation of the Northern accent.[5]
After theBattle of Điện Biên Phủ, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government took over the whole of Vietnam north of the 17th parallel, as a result the Nùng Autonomous Territory was also disbanded.[7] The Nùng Autonomous Territory only existed for a total of seven years, after the takeover the territory it controlled became the North Vietnamese province of Hải Ninh.[7]
Following the annexation of the Nùng Autonomous Territory by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam many of its inhabitants immigrated toSouth Vietnam, including Voòng A Sáng and his family as well as many members of the Nùng military regiments.[5][6] At first, the group temporarily resided in Ba Ngòi (Cam Ranh Bay) andNha Trang,[5][6] afterwards, for the convenience of drinking water, the migrants flocked to live around the Ma Ó River.[5][6]
On 1 August 1956 Colonel Voòng A Sáng merged the Nùng 6th battalion with the 32, 67, 71, 72, and 75 battalions to form the Dã Chiến 6th division.[5][6] Division 6 Da Chien had a short period of the name of Dã Chiến 41st Division.[5][6] On 1 November 1955, Dã Chiến 41st Division was renamed to the Dã Chiến 3rd Division, its headquarters was originally based at Tấn Mài, the army training centre stretched along the shore of the road's military zone Tự Do (Thống Nhất bây giờ, "Unification now").[5][6] Soon the Nùng people in South Vietnam were re-grouped at Sông Mao in theBình Thuận Province.[9] Organisation of a Nùng division was ordered taken in hand starting from 16 December 1954.[9] However, it was not until 1 February 1955 that the 6th (or Nùng) Division was officially established with Voòng A Sáng at its head, making him the division's first commander.[9] This division would change names on several occasions, it was named the 6th Infantry Division (1 August 1955), then the 6th Field Division (9 September 1955), 41st Field Division (1 November 1955), and finally the5th Infantry Division (January 1959).[9] The 5th Division was largely composed of Nùng people until about 1965 when its composition was increasingly ethnic Vietnamese and the Nùngs moved intoMIKE Force units.[10]
In the year 1956, during a series of purges of French colonial generals suspected of being pro-French by theUnited States-backed PresidentNgô Đình Diệm, Colonel Voòng A Sáng was forced to retire from theArmy of the Republic of Vietnam (ARV).[6]
In January 1959, the 3rd Field Division became 5th Infantry Division and was assigned to III Corps headquarters (Tactical Zone III) at Biên Hoà, replacing the 7th Division that had just been transferred to the Region.[5][6] On 1 November 1963, the 5th Division participated in the overthrowing of President Ngô Đình Diệm.[5][6] After being restored to his position in the South Vietnamese Army, Voòng A Sáng continued to fight for the interests of the Nùng people.[5][6] In 1966, he was elected President of theHội Trưởng Hội Thượng Du Bắc Việt Tương Tế (North Vietnamese Tương Tế Association).[5][6] In this position he was an advocate for the various ethnic minorities of Bắc Việt (North Vietnam) such as theThái, Nùng,Mường, Mán,Mèo, Etc. and supported their migration from Bắc Việt to Nam Việt (South Vietnam).[5][6]
In 1967, Voòng A Sáng was elected to the Senate of the Republic of Vietnam, he was elected to be the Chairman of the Unity of the Ethnic Minorities (Chủ Tịch Khối Đoàn Kết Dân Tộc Thiểu Số) at the South Vietnamese Senate.[b][5][6] In this position he advocated for a policy ofpositive discrimination by the South Vietnamese government to benefit North Vietnamese ethnic minority peoples, this benefited a lot of Nùng people in South Vietnam and helped them get into universities and increase their upwardsocial mobility in South Vietnam.[5][6]
During theVietnam War, Chinese Nùng soldiers were known for their loyalty to theUS Special Forces.[11] They often served as bodyguards to the Special Forces and were regarded as a good source of security for green berets who were recruiting and training locals.[12]
In the years 1949 and 1950,rice cultivation was the most popular profession in Nùng Autonomous Territory.[1] Rice cultivation was primarily concentrated in Hà Cối and Đầm Hà.[1] The regions of Tiên Yên, Bình Liêu, and Hà Cối producedsugarcane andpeanuts.[1] Tấn Mài and Thán Phún grewcinnamon trees.[1] Đình Lập and Na Húc plantedanise.[1] Bình Liêu produced a lot of silkworms.[1] Móng Cái, the capital city, was most famous for its ceramics, and it produced matches and boats.[1] The islands of Trà Cổ, Vĩnh Thực, and Thanh Mai had a very developed fishing industry.[1]
The imports of the Nùng Autonomous Territory included rice, beverages, canned food, kerosene, gasoline, quick lime, and cement.[1] The goods exported by the Nùng Autonomous Territory include pigs, chickens, ducks, spices, litchi, porcelain, do paper, anise, cinnamon, bamboo, etc.[1]
The Nùng Autonomous Territory contained 1 city (thủ phủ), 8 districts (huyện), and 1 island (hải đảo):[1][13][6]
Below the District-level divisions were thetổng andcommunes (xã).[1]
In the year 1949 the Nùng Autonomous Territory had a population of approximately 120.000 people.[1] The territory's population included variousethnic groups such as theChinese Nùng (notTaï Nùng),Dao,Kinh, and theThổ.[1] The Chinese Nùng composed 72%[14] to 78%[15] of the population.
At the time of the Nùng Autonomous Territory its capital city,Móng Cái had a population of around 10.000 people.[1]
A medal issued for the Nùng Autonomous Territory is known to exist.[16][17] This medal was awarded for a meritorious service to the Nùng Autonomous Territory state to both military and civilian personnel of the Nùng (Montagnard) tribe.[16] It was awarded by the French Colonial forces in two classes, "Chevalier" (Knight) and "Officier" (Officer).[16]
The medal was 34 millimeters in diameter and was made of gold planchet, it features a stylisedChinese junk with twoTraditional Chinese charactersTrung Hiếu (忠孝, "loyalty") which were inscribed on the hull of the ship.[16] On the outer rim of the medal wereFrench the inscriptions, "TERRITOIRE AUTONOME NUNG" (Nùng Autonomous Territory) and "VIET-NAM" (Vietnam), these words were separated by a pair of stars on each side opposite of each other which surrounds the central design of the medal.[16]
A rosette on the ribbon drape was used to distinguish the first (or "Officer") class from the second (or "Knight") class, but as of 2006 no extent specimens were known to exist.[16]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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