Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Myogenin , is a transcriptional activator encoded by theMYOG gene .[ 5] basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)transcription factor involved in the coordination ofskeletal muscle development ormyogenesis and repair. Myogenin is a myogenic regulatory factor (MRF), other examples of which also includeMyoD ,Myf5 , andMRF4 .
In mice, myogenin is essential for the development of functional skeletal muscle. Myogenin is required for the proper differentiation of most myogenic precursor cells during the process ofmyogenesis . When the DNA coding for myogenin was knocked out of the mousegenome , severe skeletal muscle defects were observed. Mice lacking both copies of myogenin (homozygous -null) suffer fromperinatal lethality due to the lack of mature secondary skeletal muscle fibers throughout the body.[ 6] [ 7]
In cell culture, myogenin can induce myogenesis in a variety of non-muscle cell types.
Myogenin has been shown tointeract with:
^a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000122180 –Ensembl , May 2017^a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026459 –Ensembl , May 2017^ "Human PubMed Reference:" .National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" .National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "MYOG - Myogenin - Homo sapiens (Human) - MYOG gene & protein" .www.uniprot.org .^ Hasty P, Bradley A, Morris JH, Edmondson DG, Venuti JM, Olson EN, Klein WH (August 1993). "Muscle deficiency and neonatal death in mice with a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene".Nature .364 (6437):501– 6.Bibcode :1993Natur.364..501H .doi :10.1038/364501a0 .PMID 8393145 .S2CID 4372223 . ^ Nabeshima Y, Hanaoka K, Hayasaka M, Esumi E, Li S, Nonaka I, Nabeshima Y (August 1993). "Myogenin gene disruption results in perinatal lethality because of severe muscle defect".Nature .364 (6437):532– 5.Bibcode :1993Natur.364..532N .doi :10.1038/364532a0 .PMID 8393146 .S2CID 4055548 . ^ Chen CM, Kraut N, Groudine M, Weintraub H (September 1996)."I-mf, a novel myogenic repressor, interacts with members of the MyoD family" .Cell .86 (5):731– 41.doi :10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80148-8 PMID 8797820 .S2CID 16252710 . ^ Corbi N, Di Padova M, De Angelis R, Bruno T, Libri V, Iezzi S, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C (October 2002)."The alpha-like RNA polymerase II core subunit 3 (RPB3) is involved in tissue-specific transcription and muscle differentiation via interaction with the myogenic factor myogenin" .FASEB Journal .16 (12):1639– 41.doi :10.1096/fj.02-0123fje PMID 12207009 .S2CID 30243193 . ^a b Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V (April 1999)."Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter" .Molecular and Cellular Biology .19 (4):2577– 84.doi :10.1128/MCB.19.4.2577 .PMC 84050 PMID 10082523 . ^ Groisman R, Masutani H, Leibovitch MP, Robin P, Soudant I, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A (March 1996)."Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .271 (9):5258– 64.doi :10.1074/jbc.271.9.5258 PMID 8617811 . ^ Langlands K, Yin X, Anand G, Prochownik EV (August 1997)."Differential interactions of Id proteins with basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .272 (32):19785– 93.doi :10.1074/jbc.272.32.19785 PMID 9242638 . ^ Chakraborty T, Martin JF, Olson EN (September 1992)."Analysis of the oligomerization of myogenin and E2A products in vivo using a two-hybrid assay system" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .267 (25):17498– 501.doi :10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37069-3 PMID 1325437 . Weintraub H, Davis R, Tapscott S, Thayer M, Krause M, Benezra R, Blackwell TK, Turner D, Rupp R, Hollenberg S (February 1991). "The myoD gene family: nodal point during specification of the muscle cell lineage".Science .251 (4995):761– 6.Bibcode :1991Sci...251..761W .doi :10.1126/science.1846704 .PMID 1846704 . Chakraborty T, Martin JF, Olson EN (September 1992)."Analysis of the oligomerization of myogenin and E2A products in vivo using a two-hybrid assay system" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .267 (25):17498– 501.doi :10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37069-3 PMID 1325437 . Funk WD, Wright WE (October 1992)."Cyclic amplification and selection of targets for multicomponent complexes: myogenin interacts with factors recognizing binding sites for basic helix-loop-helix, nuclear factor 1, myocyte-specific enhancer-binding factor 2, and COMP1 factor" .Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America .89 (20):9484– 8.Bibcode :1992PNAS...89.9484F .doi :10.1073/pnas.89.20.9484 PMC 50156 PMID 1329097 . Lassar AB, Davis RL, Wright WE, Kadesch T, Murre C, Voronova A, Baltimore D, Weintraub H (July 1991). "Functional activity of myogenic HLH proteins requires hetero-oligomerization with E12/E47-like proteins in vivo".Cell .66 (2):305– 15.doi :10.1016/0092-8674(91)90620-E .PMID 1649701 .S2CID 25957022 . Salminen A, Braun T, Buchberger A, Jürs S, Winter B, Arnold HH (November 1991)."Transcription of the muscle regulatory gene Myf4 is regulated by serum components, peptide growth factors and signaling pathways involving G proteins" .The Journal of Cell Biology .115 (4):905– 17.doi :10.1083/jcb.115.4.905 .PMC 2289955 PMID 1659574 . Pearson-White SH (March 1991)."Human MyoD: cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence" .Nucleic Acids Research .19 (5): 1148.doi :10.1093/nar/19.5.1148 .PMC 333794 PMID 1850513 . Olson E, Edmondson D, Wright WE, Lin VK, Guenet JL, Simon-Chazottes D, Thompson LH, Stallings RL, Schroeder WT, Duvic M (November 1990). "Myogenin is in an evolutionarily conserved linkage group on human chromosome 1q31-q41 and unlinked to other mapped muscle regulatory factor genes".Genomics .8 (3):427– 34.doi :10.1016/0888-7543(90)90028-S .PMID 1962752 . Brennan TJ, Olson EN (April 1990)."Myogenin resides in the nucleus and acquires high affinity for a conserved enhancer element on heterodimerization" .Genes & Development .4 (4):582– 95.doi :10.1101/gad.4.4.582 PMID 2163343 . Braun T, Bober E, Buschhausen-Denker G, Kohtz S, Grzeschik KH, Arnold HH, Kotz S (December 1989)."Differential expression of myogenic determination genes in muscle cells: possible autoactivation by the Myf gene products" .The EMBO Journal .8 (12):3617– 25.doi :10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08535.x .PMC 402043 PMID 2583111 . Groisman R, Masutani H, Leibovitch MP, Robin P, Soudant I, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A (March 1996)."Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .271 (9):5258– 64.doi :10.1074/jbc.271.9.5258 PMID 8617811 . Chen CM, Kraut N, Groudine M, Weintraub H (September 1996)."I-mf, a novel myogenic repressor, interacts with members of the MyoD family" .Cell .86 (5):731– 41.doi :10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80148-8 PMID 8797820 .S2CID 16252710 . Kong Y, Flick MJ, Kudla AJ, Konieczny SF (August 1997)."Muscle LIM protein promotes myogenesis by enhancing the activity of MyoD" .Molecular and Cellular Biology .17 (8):4750– 60.doi :10.1128/mcb.17.8.4750 .PMC 232327 PMID 9234731 . Langlands K, Yin X, Anand G, Prochownik EV (August 1997)."Differential interactions of Id proteins with basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors" .The Journal of Biological Chemistry .272 (32):19785– 93.doi :10.1074/jbc.272.32.19785 PMID 9242638 . Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V (April 1999)."Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter" .Molecular and Cellular Biology .19 (4):2577– 84.doi :10.1128/MCB.19.4.2577 .PMC 84050 PMID 10082523 . Tseng BS, Cavin ST, Hoffman EP, Iannaccone ST, Mancias P, Booth FW, Butler IJ (May 1999). "Human bHLH transcription factor gene myogenin (MYOG): genomic sequence and negative mutation analysis in patients with severe congenital myopathies".Genomics .57 (3):419– 23.doi :10.1006/geno.1998.5719 .PMID 10329008 . Knoepfler PS, Bergstrom DA, Uetsuki T, Dac-Korytko I, Sun YH, Wright WE, Tapscott SJ, Kamps MP (September 1999)."A conserved motif N-terminal to the DNA-binding domains of myogenic bHLH transcription factors mediates cooperative DNA binding with pbx-Meis1/Prep1" .Nucleic Acids Research .27 (18):3752– 61.doi :10.1093/nar/27.18.3752 .PMC 148632 PMID 10471746 . Onions J, Hermann S, Grundström T (April 2000). "A novel type of calmodulin interaction in the inhibition of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors".Biochemistry .39 (15):4366– 74.doi :10.1021/bi992533u .PMID 10757985 . Corbi N, Di Padova M, De Angelis R, Bruno T, Libri V, Iezzi S, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C (October 2002)."The alpha-like RNA polymerase II core subunit 3 (RPB3) is involved in tissue-specific transcription and muscle differentiation via interaction with the myogenic factor myogenin" .FASEB Journal .16 (12):1639– 41.doi :10.1096/fj.02-0123fje PMID 12207009 .S2CID 30243193 .
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP )(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH )
Group A Group B Group CPAS Group D Group E Group F
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP (1.4) NF-1 (1.5) RF-X (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4 )
subfamily 1 subfamily 2 subfamily 3 subfamily 4 subfamily 5 subfamily 6 subfamily 0
(2.2) Other Cys4 (2.3) Cys2 His2 (2.4) Cys6 (2.5) Alternating composition (2.6) WRKY
(4)β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
(0) Other transcription factors
