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| Period | Eneolithic |
|---|---|
| Dates | c. 3600 – 3000 BC |
| Followed by | Yamnaya culture |
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TheMykhailivka Culture,Mikhaylovka culture,Lower Mykhaylivka culture (Ukrainian:Нижньомихайлівська культура,romanized: Nyzhnjomykhajlivsjka kuljtura, 3600—3000 BCE)[1][2] is aCopper Age archaeological culture which flourished on thePontic steppe from 3600 BC to 3000 BC.
Lower Mikhaylivka culture is named after an earlyYamna site of the latecopper age of the lowerDnieper River, noted for its fortifications,[1][2] after lower archaeological layer of the site near the village ofMykhaylivka inKherson Oblast ofUkraine.
Mikhaylivka I (3600-3400 BCE)[2] had connections to the west,[2] and is related to theKemi Oba culture (3700-2200 BCE) at the Bug-Dniepr area and theCrimea, and seems to have had connections to theMaykop culture (3700-3000 BCE).[1]
Mikhaylivka II (3400-3000 BCE)[2] had connections to the east, as reflected by itsRepin-style pottery.[2] Mikhaylovka II is divided into a lower (3400-3300 BCE) and an upper level (3300-3000 BCE).[2] Mikhaylivka II shows a shift from farming to cattle herding, typical for theYamna horizon.[3]
The Mikhaylivka archaeological site was extensively studied by three expeditions of the Institute of Archaeology,National Academy of Science of Ukraine, led by E.F. Lagodovskaya and O.G. Shaposhnikova, between 1952 and 1963.[4]
The lower horizon of the middle layer of the Mikhaylivka archaeological site is dated to 3646-3348calBCE, while the upper horizon is dated to 3371-3026 calBCE. A tooth specimen from the lower horizon of the middle layer dated to 3635-3383 calBCE has been genetically identified as the earliest specimen of the Core Yamna ancestry in the North Pontic.[5]
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