Amusketeer (French:mousquetaire[muskətɛʁ]ⓘ) was a type ofsoldier equipped with amusket. Musketeers were an important part ofearly modern warfare from the mid 15th to mid 19th centuries, particularly in Europe, where they normally comprised the majority of their infantry after 1600. The musketeer was a precursor to therifleman. Muskets were replaced by breech loading rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1870. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in theImperial German Army untilWorld War I.
Thehand cannon was invented inSong dynasty China in the 12th century and was in widespread use there in the 13th century. It spread westward across Asia during the 14th century. The hand cannon evolved into thearquebus that appeared in Europe and theOttoman Empire during the 15th century. The termmusket was originally used to describe a heavy arquebus capable of penetrating heavy armor. Although this heavy version of the musket fell out of use after the mid-16th century with the decline of heavy armor, the term "musket" remained as a general descriptor and lent its name to the infantry type known as the musketeer.[1]
Musketeers are primarily associated with infantry in early modern Europe, and were employed by many European nations.
In theSpanish army, thetercio or theSpanish square was a mixed infantry formation that theoretically could number up to 3,000 pikemen, swordsmen and musketeers; although it was usually much smaller on the battlefield. It was effective in its era, capitalizing on the close-quarter impact of the pike combined with the long-range projectile capabilities of the musket. It resembled a loosely formedphalanx in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during theItalian Wars so as to deal with theheavily armoredFrench Gendarmes. Anarquebus was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but awall gun was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the musket rest, the precursor to themonopod.[2] Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely.[3] Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to abandolier. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.[4]
TheMusketeers of the Guard were a junior unit, initially of roughly company strength, of themilitary branch of theRoyal Household. They were created in 1622 whenLouis XIII furnished a company oflight cavalry (the "carabiniers", created by Louis' fatherHenry IV) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot as infantry and on horseback asdragoons.[5] At theBattle of Fontenoy in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords.
As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by theGarde du Corps and theCent-suisses. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigiousGarde du Corps andChevau-legers (Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.[6]
Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation,Cardinal Richelieu created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the king with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the king's personal guards, but rather Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between the two corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successorCardinal Mazarin. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the Cardinal's Musketeers passed toLouis XIV, contrary to the wishes of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers themselves. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (mousquetaires gris), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (mousquetaires noirs) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassocks were replaced by smallersoubrevestes or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.[7]
In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess thequarterings of nobility required for theGarde du Corps andChevau-legers.[8] These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.[9]
In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded byLouis XVI for budgetary reasons. Following the first Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective whenNapoleon returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompaniedLouis XVIII into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.[10]
Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publicationThe Three Musketeers, first published in the magazineLe Siècle between March and July 1844. The author,Alexandre Dumas, père, based his work on the bookMémoires deMonsieur d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) byGatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700),[11] a fictionalized account of the life ofCharles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters.Isaac de Porthau (1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's characterPorthos. Jean-Armand du Peyrer,Comte de Troisville (1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville.
Other Musketeers include:
Muskets began to appear in the Netherlands in the mid-16th century, during a time of growing conflict between the Dutch provinces and Spanish rule. These early firearms were matchlock muskets, which required a burning match to ignite the gunpowder. The Dutch rebels, also known as theGeuzen, adapted muskets for their guerrilla tactics during the early phases of theEighty Years' War. A pivotal figure in the development of musket tactics in the Netherlands wasMaurice of Nassau, the Dutch military commander and prince who led the Dutch forces during much of the war. By the late 17th century, musket technology continued to evolve, with flintlock mechanisms gradually replacing the older matchlock designs. The Dutch military adapted these newer technologies but also faced increasing challenges from other European powers like France and England.
Thanks to the reforms ofGustav II Adolf, theSwedish Army brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and tactics of western armies.[citation needed]
The iconic "Redcoat" of theBritish Empire was the staple unit in the British armies that created the largest empire in history. The British infantryman was equipped with the .75 calibreLand Pattern Musket, or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles against superior numbers.[citation needed]
The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers), the110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers) and the112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers), all raised and disbanded in the 1760s.
The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loadingMinié rifle, which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.[12]
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TheJanissary corps of theOttoman army were usingmatchlock muskets as early as the 1440s.[13] TheOttoman Empire, centering onTurkey and extending intoBalkans,Arabia andNorth Africa used muskets to conquerConstantinople (modernIstanbul) and were one of the earliest users of muskets in a military conflict. It also utilized large cannons, including theGreat Turkish Bombard. The Ottomans, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566), embraced these weapons to maintain military superiority against European rivals such as the Habsburgs and the Safavids. By the late 17th century, the Ottoman military began to face increasing difficulties in keeping up with the rapid advances in European military technology and tactics, particularly regarding firearms. The stagnation of the Ottoman military was evident during key conflicts such as the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and the Siege of Vienna in 1683, where the Ottomans were defeated by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire recognized the need to modernize its military, particularly in the face of defeats at the hands of European powers. Several sultans, most notably Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) and later Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839), attempted to reform the army and introduce more modern firearms, including newer versions of muskets with flintlock mechanisms. It wasn't until the reign of Mahmud II that the Janissaries were finally abolished in 1826, during the event known as the "Auspicious Incident." This paved the way for further military reforms, including the widespread adoption of modern muskets and rifles. By the mid-19th century, the Ottomans had restructured their military to be more in line with European standards, though the empire continued to struggle in keeping pace with technological advancements.
Streltsy (Russian:Стрельцы,sing.strelets,стрелец, literally "shooter"; often translated as "musketeer", but more properly "harquebusier") were theunits ofRussian guardsmen l from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed withfirearms andbardiches. They are also collectively known asStrelets Troops (Стрелецкое Войско).
The first streltsy units were created byIvan the Terrible sometime between 1545 and 1550 and armed with thearquebus. They first saw combat at theSiege of Kazan in 1552.Military service in this unit became lifelong andhereditary. The bearded strelsty were organized into regiments, each with a long coat (kaftan) and pointed cloth hat of a distinctive colour. By 1680, there were 20 regiments of Moscow streltsy totaling 20,048 men and comprising about 12 per cent of the total army[14] (along with cossacks, militia and an increasing number of regular soldiers). In addition, there were significant numbers of frontier and garrison streltsy serving outside Moscow, although these were less formally drilled and equipped.[15]
The Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the streltsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. Textiles for clothing and foodstuffs were sometimes issued as part of their pay. A commander of one hundred musketeers (sotnik) received up to 20 roubles a year and a regimental head (streletski golova) between 30 and 60.[16]
In the late 17th century, the Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supportingdissidents and showing hostility towards any foreigninnovations.[17]
After the fall ofSophia Alekseyevna in 1689, the government ofPeter the Great engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In order to counter their power, Peter began to raise a new regular army, still armed with muskets but disciplined, uniformed and organised along West European lines. In spite of these measures, the streltsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great Embassy in Europe. The four regiments involved were disbanded and 1,200 of the mutineers were executed. The remainder were exiled, had their property confiscated and were banned from future military employment.[18] The entire corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffereda defeat at Narva in 1700, the government retained some streltsy units in service.[19]
Gradually, the streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, the Tsarist government started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the last streltsy units (by then social rather than military groups) was finally completed by 1728.[20]
ThePreobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments of theImperial Guard replaced the streltsy as the political and military force closest to the tsar.[21]
Arquebusiers and musketeers were employed in the armies of theMing (1368–1644)[22] andQing dynasties (1644–1911). Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, theShenqipu, contains illustrations ofOttomanTurkish and European musketeers together with detailed diagrams of their muskets.[23] There was also an illustration and description of how theHan people had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position when firing, while favoring the use of European-made muskets.[24] TheHan people also built the first repeating firearm: several barrels behind a small wooden shield. The gunman would turn these barrels lighting each barrel with a slow match one by one. These weapons were most effective when fired from walls or high positions. Needham considered this weapon to be a "primitive machine-gun".[25][26][27]
Introduced by the Chinese, muskets were popularised inCentral-Asia under theTimurid dynasty.
Matchlock Muskets were first introduced by the firstMughal emperorBabur in thefirst Battle of Panipat 1526 CE. The weapon became an integral part of Indian warfare from the 16th century onward, mainly from the reign of the Mughal emperorAkbar. It was used as an effective defense againstwar elephants. TheMughals,Marathas,Rajputs,Sikhs andAhoms made use of musketeers, firing from cover, to ambush opposing infantry, cavalry and elephants. Many Indiangunsmiths created matchlock muskets for the Mughal infantry[28] plus somecombination weapons.
TheKingdom of Ndongo developed its musketeer forces in the 16th century amid war against thePortuguese in Angola. In 1585, 40 musketeers formed part of an attacking force deployed against Portugal.[29] A small musketeer force was authorized inKongo mostly made up of themestiço, who were mixed race Kongolese with Portuguese ancestry. Over 300 musketeers served in the Kongo army against the Portuguese at theBattle of Mbwila in 1665.[30][31]Musketeers were employed into theWydah army from 1680 AD but they did not completely replace the spearmen, swordsmen and archers. In war, the Musketeers were first to go into action as they fought in the front ranks of the army.[32]
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