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| Muskellunge (Muskie) | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Salmoniformes |
| Family: | Esocidae |
| Genus: | Esox |
| Species: | E. masquinongy |
| Binomial name | |
| Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824 | |
Themuskellunge (Esox masquinongy), often shortened tomuskie,musky, ski, orlunge, is aspecies of largefreshwaterpredatory fish native toNorth America. It is the largest member of thepike family,Esocidae.
The name "muskellunge" originates from theOjibwe wordsmaashkinoozhe meaning "great fish",mji-gnoozhe,maskinoše, ormashkinonge, meaning "bad pike", "big pike", or "ugly pike[3]" respectively. TheAlgonquin wordmaskinunga isborrowed into theCanadian French wordsmasquinongé ormaskinongé. InEnglish, before settling on the common name "muskellunge", there were at least 94 common names[4] applied to this species, including but not limited to:muskelunge,muscallonge,muskallonge,milliganong,maskinonge,maskalonge,mascalonge,maskalung,muskinunge andmasquenongez.[5]
Though interbreeding with other pike species can complicate the classification of some individuals,zoologists usually recognize up to threesubspecies of muskellunge.[6]
Thetiger muskellunge (E. masquinongy ×lucius orE. lucius ×masquinongy) is ahybrid of the muskie and northern pike. Hybrids are sterile, although females sometimes unsuccessfully engage in spawning motions. Some hybrids are artificially produced and planted for anglers to catch. Tiger muskies grow faster than pure muskies, but do not attain the ultimate size of their pure relatives, as the tiger muskie does not live as long.[citation needed]
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Muskellunge closely resemble otheresocids such as thenorthern pike (Esox lucius) andAmerican pickerel (E. americanus) in both appearance and behavior. Like the northern pike and other aggressive pikes, the body plan is typical ofambush predators with an elongated body, flat head, and dorsal, pelvic, and analfins set far back on the body. Muskellunge are typically 70–120 cm (28–48 inches) long and weigh 7–16.5 kg (15–36 lb),[8] though some have reached up to 1.8 m (6 ft) and almost 30 kg (70 lb).[9] Martin Arthur Williamson caught a muskellunge with a weight of 27.8 kg (61.25 pounds) in November 2000 onGeorgian Bay.[10] The fish are a light silver, brown, or green, with dark vertical stripes on the flank, which may tend to break up into spots. In some cases, markings may be absent altogether, especially in fish fromturbid waters. This is in contrast to northern pike, which have dark bodies with light markings. A reliable method to distinguish the two similar species is by counting thesensory pores on the underside of themandible. A muskie will have seven or more per side, while the northern pike never has more than six. The lobes of the caudal (tail) fin in muskellunge come to a sharper point, while those of northern pike are more generally rounded. In addition, unlike pike, muskies have no scales on the lower half of theiropercula.[citation needed]
Anglers seek large muskies as trophies or for sport.[11] In places where muskie are not native, such as in Maine, anglers are encouraged not to release the fish back into the water because of their negative impact on native populations of trout and other smaller fish species.[12]
Muskellunge are found inoligotrophic andmesotrophic lakes and largerivers fromMichigan,Wisconsin, andMinnesota through theGreat Lakes region,Chautauqua Lake in western New York, north intoCanada, throughout most of theSt Lawrence River drainage, and northward throughout the upperMississippi valley, although the species also extends as far south asChattanooga in theTennessee River valley. Also, a small population is found in theBroad River inSouth Carolina. Several North Georgia reservoirs also have healthy stocked populations of muskie. They are also found in theRed River drainage of theHudson Bay basin. Muskie were introduced to westernSaint John River in the late 1960s and have nowspread to many connecting waterways in northernMaine.[13] ThePineview Reservoir in Utah is one of three Utah locations where the hybridTiger muskellunge is found.[citation needed]
They prefer clear waters where they lurk along weed edges, rock outcrops, or other structures to rest. A fish forms two distinct home ranges in summer: a shallow range and a deeper one. The shallow range is generally much smaller than the deeper range due to shallow water heating up. A muskie continually patrols the ranges in search of available food in the appropriate conditions of water temperature.[citation needed]
Muskies are ambush predators who will swiftly bite their prey and then swallow it head first. Muskellunge are the top predator in any body of water where they occur and they will eat larger prey than most other freshwater fish.[14] They eat all varieties of fish present in their ecosystem (including other muskellunge), along with the occasionalinsect,[14]muskrat,rat,mouse,[14]frog, orduck. They are capable of taking prey up to two-thirds of their body length due to their large stomachs.[15] There have even been reports of large muskellunge attacking smalldogs and even humans, although most of these reports are greatly exaggerated.[14]
As muskellunge grow longer they increase in weight, but the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between them can be expressed by apower-law equation:
The exponent b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant for each species. For muskellunge, b = 3.325, higher than for many common species, and c = 0.000089 pounds per cubic inch or 0.0025 g/cm3.[16]
According to theInternational Game Fish Association (IGFA) the largest muskellunge onrecord wascaught by Cal Johnson inLac Courte Oreilles (recognized as Lake Courte Oreilles by the association),Hayward,Wisconsin,United States, on July 24, 1949. Thefish weighed 30.5 kg (67 lb 8 oz) and was 153 cm (60.25 inches) in length, and 84–86 cm (33–34 inches) in girth.[17][18][19]
Muskellunge are sometimesgregarious, forming smallschools in distinct territories. Muskellunge feeding behavior is directly synchronized with the lunar cycle. During both full and new moons, an increase in feeding activity can be attributed to the increase of moonlight, as it most similarly simulates daytime feeding.[20] They spawn in mid- to late spring, somewhat later than northern pike, over shallow, vegetated areas. A rock or sand bottom is preferred for spawning so the eggs do not sink into the mud and suffocate. The males arrive first and attempt to establish dominance over a territory. Spawning may last from five to 10 days and occurs mainly at night. The eggs are negatively buoyant and slightly adhesive; they adhere to plants and the bottom of the lake. Soon afterward, they are abandoned by the adults. Thoseembryos which are not eaten by fish, insects, or crayfish hatch within two weeks. The larvae live onyolk until the mouth is fully developed, when they begin to feed oncopepods and otherzooplankton. They soon begin to prey upon fish. Juveniles generally attain a length of 30 cm (12 inches) by November of their first year.[citation needed]
Adult muskellunge areapex predators where they occur naturally. Only humans and (rarely) large birds of prey such asbald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) pose a threat to an adult.[21] But juveniles are consumed by other muskies, northern pike,bass,trout, and occasionally birds of prey. The muskellunge's low reproductive rate and slow growth render populations highly vulnerable tooverfishing. This has prompted some jurisdictions to instituteartificial propagation programs in an attempt to maintain otherwise unsustainably high rates of angling effort andhabitat destruction.[citation needed]
Although very rare, muskie attacks on humans do occur on occasion.[22][23][24]
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