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Irish music is music that has been created in various genres on the island ofIreland.
The indigenous music of the island is termedIrish traditional music (or Irish folk music). It has remained vibrant through the 20th and into the 21st century, despite globalising cultural forces. In spite of emigration and mass exposure to music fromBritain and theUnited States, Ireland's traditional music has kept many of its elements and has itself influenced other forms of music, such ascountry androots music in the United States, which in turn have had some influence on modernrock music. Irish folk music has occasionally been fused withpunk rock,electronic rock and other genres. Some of these fusion artists have attained mainstream success, at home and abroad.
In art music, Ireland has a history reaching back toGregorian chants in theMiddle Ages,choral andharpmusic of the Renaissance, courtmusic of the Baroque and earlyClassical period, as well as manyRomantic, late Romantic and twentieth-centurymodernist music. It is still a vibrant genre with many composers and ensembles writing and performingavant-garde art music in the classical tradition.
On a smaller scale, Ireland has also produced manyjazz musicians of note, particularly after the 1950s.
By the High and Late Medieval Era, theIrish annals were listing native musicians, such as the following:
Early Irish poetry and song has been translated into modern Irish and English by notable Irish poets, song collectors and musicians.[1] The 6th century hymnRop tú mo baile byDallán Forgaill for example, was published in 1905 in English byMary Elizabeth Byrne, and is widely known asBe Thou My Vision.The Blackbird of Belfast Lough (Old Irish:Int én bec;Irish:An t-éan beag) has been notably translated by poets such asSeamus Heaney,Ciaran Carson andFrank O'Connor. Notable recordings of modern interpretations of early Irish music includePádraigín Ní Uallacháin'sSongs of the Scribe, various music albums by choral groupAnúna, and the recordings ofCaitríona O'Leary with Dúlra and the eX Ensemble.[2]
Some musicians were acclaimed in places beyond Ireland.Cú Chuimne (died 747) lived much of his adult life in Gaelic Scotland, and composed at least one hymn.Foillan, who was alive in the seventh century, travelled through much of Britain and France; around 653 at the request ofSaint Gertrude of Brabant, taughtpsalmody to her nuns at Nievelle.Tuotilo (c.850–c. 915), who lived in Italy and Germany, was noted both as a musician and a composer.
Helias of Cologne (died 1040), is held to be the first to introduceRoman chant toCologne. His contemporary,Aaron Scotus (died 18 November 1052) was an acclaimed composer ofGregorian chant in Germany.
Donell Dubh Ó Cathail (c. 1560s-c.1660), was not only musician ofViscount Buttevant, but, with his uncleDonell Óge Ó Cathail, harper toElizabeth I.
Up to the seventeenth century, harp musicians were patronised by the aristocracy in Ireland. This tradition died out in the eighteenth century with the collapse ofGaelic Ireland.Turlough Carolan (1670–1738) is the best known of those harpists,[3][4] and over 200 of his compositions are known. Some of his pieces use elements of contemporary baroque music, but his music has entered the tradition and is played by many folk musicians today.Edward Bunting collected some of the last-known Irish harp tunes at theBelfast Harp Festival in 1792. Other important collectors of Irish music includeFrancis O'Neill[5] andGeorge Petrie.
Other notable Irish musicians of this era includedCearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. c. 1630);Piaras Feiritéar (1600?–1653);William Connellan (fl. mid-17th century) and his brother,Thomas Connellan (c. 1640/1645–1698), composers;Dominic Ó Mongain (alive 18th century);Donnchadh Ó Hámsaigh (1695–1807); poet and songwriterEoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin (1748–1782);Arthur O'Neill (fl. 1792);Patrick Byrne (c.1794–1863); world-renowned piperTarlach Mac Suibhne (c. 1831–1916); poet and songwriterColm de Bhailís (1796–1906).
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Irish traditional music includes many kinds of songs, including drinking songs,ballads andlaments, sung unaccompanied or with accompaniment by a variety of instruments. Traditionaldance music includesreels (4
4),hornpipes andjigs (the common double jig is in6
8 time).[6] Thepolka arrived at the start of the nineteenth century, spread by itinerant dancing masters and mercenary soldiers, returning from Europe.[7]Set dancing may have arrived in the eighteenth century.[8] Later imported dance-signatures include themazurka and the highlands (a sort of Irished version of the Scottishstrathspey).[9]
TheIrish fiddle was said by one nationalist researcher to have been played in Ireland since the 8th century, although this has never been proved by texts or artifacts.[10] Thebagpipes have a long history of being associated with IrelandGreat Irish warpipes were once commonly used in Ireland especially in battle as far back as the 15th century.[11]
A revival of Irish traditional music took place around the turn of the 20th century. The buttonaccordion and theconcertina were becoming common.[12]Irish stepdance was performed atcéilís, organised competitions and at some country houses where local and itinerant musicians were welcome.[13] Irish dancing was supported by the educational system and patriotic organisations. An older style of singing calledsean-nós ("in the old style"), which is a form oftraditional Irish singing was still found, mainly for very poetic songs in theIrish language.[14]
From 1820 to 1920 over 4,400,000 Irish emigrated to the US, creating an Irish diaspora in Philadelphia, Chicago (seeFrancis O'Neill), Boston, New York and other cities.[15] O'Neill made the first recordings of Irish music onEdison wax cylinders.[16] Later, Irish musicians who were successful in the USA made commercial recordings which found their way around the world and re-invigorated musical styles back in the homeland.[17] For example, American-based fiddlers likeMichael Coleman,James Morrison andPaddy Killoran did much to popularise Irish music in the 1920s and 1930s, whileEd Reavy composed over a hundred tunes that have since entered the tradition in both Ireland and the diaspora.
After a lull in the 1940s and 1950s, when (except forCéilidh bands) traditional music was at a low ebb,Seán Ó Riada'sCeoltóirí Chualann,The Chieftains,Tom Lenihan,The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem,The Irish Rovers,The Dubliners,Ryan's Fancy andSweeney's Men were in large part responsible for a second wave of revitalisation of Irish folk music in the 1960s. Several of these were featured in the 2010 TV movie "My Music: When Irish Eyes are Smiling".[18] Sean O'Riada in particular was singled out as a force who did much for Irish music, through programming on Radio Éireann in the late 1940s through the 1960s. He worked to promote and encourage the performing of traditional Irish music, and his work as a promoter and performer led directly to the formation of the Chieftains. His work inspired the likes ofPlanxty,The Bothy Band andClannad in the 70s. Later came such bands asStockton's Wing,De Dannan,Altan,Arcady,Dervish andPatrick Street, along with a wealth of individual performers.[19]
More and more people play Irish music and new bands emerge every year such asTéada,Gráda,Dervish, andLúnasa.[citation needed]
There is evidence of music in the "classical" tradition since the early 15th century when a polyphonic choir was established at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, and "city musicians" were employed in the major cities and towns, who performed on festive occasions. In the 18th century, Dublin was known as the "Second City" of the British Isles, with an active musical life culminating in, among other events, the first performance ofHandel's famous oratorioMessiah. Theballad opera trend, caused by the success of theBeggar's Opera, has left noticeable traces in Ireland, with many works that influenced the genre in England and on the continent, by musicians such asCharles Coffey andKane O'Hara.
Apart from the harper-composers of the 16th century, composers in the 16th and 17th century usually came from a Protestant Anglo-Irish background, as due to the discrimination of Catholics no formal musical education was available to them. Composers were often associated with eitherDublin Castle or one of the Dublin cathedrals (St Patrick's andChrist Church). These include immigrants in the 18th century such asJohann Sigismund Cousser,Matthew Dubourg, andTommaso Giordani.Thomas Roseingrave and his brother Ralph were prominent Irish baroque composers. Among the next generation of composers were the Cork-bornPhilip Cogan (1750–1833), a prominent composer of piano music including concertos,John Andrew Stevenson (1761–1833), who is best known for his publications ofIrish Melodies with poetThomas Moore, who also wrote operas, religious music, catches, glees, odes, and songs. In the early 19th century Irish-born composers dominated English-language opera in England and Ireland, includingCharles Thomas Carter (c.1735–1804),Michael Kelly (1762–1826),Thomas Simpson Cooke (1782–1848),William Henry Kearns (1794–1846),Joseph Augustine Wade (1801–1845) and, later in the century,Michael W. Balfe (1808–1870) andWilliam Vincent Wallace (1812–1865).John Field (1782–1837) has been credited with the creation of the Nocturne form, which influencedFrédéric Chopin.John William Glover (1815–1899),Joseph Robinson (1815–1898) andRobert Prescott Stewart (1825–1894) kept Irish classical music in Dublin alive in the 19th century, while mid-19th-century emigrants includeGeorge William Torrance andGeorge Alexander Osborne.Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924) andHamilton Harty (1879–1941) were among the last emigrants in Irish music, combining a late romantic musical language with Irish folklorism. Their contemporary in Ireland was the Italian immigrantMichele Esposito (1855–1929), a figure of seminal importance in Irish music who arrived in Ireland in 1882. The years after Irish independence were a difficult period in which composers tried to find an identifiable Irish voice in an anti-British climate, which included ressentiments against classical music as such. The development of Irish broadcasting in the 1920s and the gradual enlargement of the Radio Éireann Orchestra in the late 1930s improved the situation. Important composers in these years wereJohn F. Larchet (1884–1967),Ina Boyle (1889–1967),Arthur Duff (1899–1956),Aloys Fleischmann (1910–1992),Frederick May (1911–1985),Joan Trimble (1915–2000), andBrian Boydell (1917–2000). The middle decades of the 20th century were also shaped byA.J. Potter (1918–1980),Gerard Victory (1921–1995),James Wilson (1922–2005),Seán Ó Riada (1931–1971),John Kinsella (1932–2021), andSeóirse Bodley (1933–2023). Prominent names among the older generation of composers in Ireland today areFrank Corcoran (b. 1944),Eric Sweeney (1948–2020),John Buckley (b. 1951),Gerald Barry (b. 1952),Raymond Deane (b. 1953),Gearóid Ó Deaghaidh (b. 1954),[20]Patrick Cassidy (b. 1956), andFergus Johnston (b. 1959) (see alsoList of Irish classical composers).
Performers of note in classical music includeCatherine Hayes (1818–1861), Ireland's first great internationalprima donna and the first Irish woman to perform at La Scala in Milan; tenorBarton McGuckin (1852–1913), a much-demanded singer in the late 19th century; tenorJoseph O'Mara (1864–1927), a very prominent singer around the turn of the century; tenorJohn McCormack (1884–1945), the most celebrated tenor of his day; opera singerMargaret Burke-Sheridan (1889–1958); pianistCharles Lynch (1906–1984); tenorJosef Locke (1917–1999) achieved global success and was the subject of the 1991 filmHear My Song; the concert flautistSir James Galway and pianistBarry Douglas.[21] Douglas achieved fame in 1986 by claiming theInternational Tchaikovsky Competition gold medal. Mezzo-sopranosBernadette Greevy andAnn Murray have also had success internationally.[22]
Choral music has been practised in Ireland for centuries, initially at the larger churches such asChrist Church Cathedral,St Patrick's Cathedral, andSt Mary's Pro-Cathedral, as well as the University of Dublin Choral Society (founded in 1837).
Founded and directed by composerMichael McGlynn in 1987,Anúna contributed significantly to raising the profile of choral music, particularly through their contributions toRiverdance which they were a part of from 1994 to 1996. They were nominated for a Classical Brit Award in the UK and appeared at theBBC Proms series in theRoyal Albert Hall in 1999. In 2012 they featured as the voices of Hell in the video gameDiablo III.[23] In February 2018 the group won the Outstanding Ensemble category of the Annual Game Music Awards 2017 for their contributions to the video gameXenoblade Chronicles 2.[24]
TheChamber Choir Ireland, formerly National Chamber Choir of Ireland, is principally funded by theArts Council of Ireland. Their artistic director isPaul Hillier.[25] The choir has produced a number of CDs with international (including Irish) repertoire. There are many semi-professional choirs in Ireland at local level, too. Many perform and compete at the annualCork International Choral Festival (since 1954).
Although Ireland had no purpose-built opera house for a long time, opera has been performed in Ireland since the 17th century. In the 18th century, Ireland was a centre forballad opera and created important works that helped to develop the genre in the direction of operetta, with works byCharles Coffey andKane O'Hara. Nationally identifiable Irish operas have been written by immigrants such asTommaso Giordani andJohann Bernhard Logier as well as by native composers such asJohn Andrew Stevenson andThomas Simpson Cooke, continued in the 19th century with works byJohn William Glover andPaul McSwiney.[26]Michael William Balfe andVincent Wallace were the most prominent representatives of mid-19th-century English-language operas.
The Celtic Renaissance after 1900 created works such asMuirgheis (1903) byThomas O'Brien Butler,Connla of the Golden Hair (1903) by William Harvey Pélissier,Eithne (1909) byRobert O'Dwyer, andThe Tinker and the Fairy (1910) byMichele Esposito.Muirgheis andEithne have librettos in Irish, as have a number of works byGeoffrey Molyneux Palmer and several 1940s and '50s works byÉamonn Ó Gallchobhair. Most of the Irish operas written since the 1960s have a contemporary international outlook, with important works byGerard Victory,James Wilson,Raymond Deane,Gerald Barry, and a number of young composers since the turn of the century.
There have been subsequent attempts to revive the Irish-language tradition in opera. A brother-sister team previewed sections of the operaClann Tuireann publicly.[27] In 2024 musician and composerJohn Spillane premiered his bilingual operaFíoruisce - The Legend of the Lough.[28][29]
Wexford Festival Opera is a major international festival that takes place every October and November.
Performers of popular music began appearing as early as the late 1940s;Delia Murphy popularised Irish folk songs that she recorded forHis Master's Voice in 1949;Margaret Barry is also credited with bringing traditional songs to the fore; Donegal'sBridie Gallagher shot to fame in 1956 and is considered 'Ireland's first international pop star';[30] Belfast-born singerRuby Murray achieved unprecedented chart success in the UK in the mid-1950s; Dublin nativeCarmel Quinn emigrated to the US and became a regular singer onArthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts and appeared frequently on other TV variety shows in the 1950s and '60s.The Bachelors were an all-male harmony group from Dublin who had hits in the UK, Europe, US, Australia and Russia;Mary O'Hara was a soprano and harpist who was successful on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1950s and early 1960s; Waterford croonerVal Doonican had a string of UK hits and presented his own TV show on the BBC from 1965 to 1986.
IrishShowbands were a major force in Irish popular music, particularly in rural areas, for twenty years from the mid-1950s. The showband played in dance halls and was loosely based on the six or seven pieceDixieland dance band. The basic showband repertoire included standard dance numbers,cover versions of pop music hits, ranging fromrock and roll,country and western tojazz standards. Key to the showband's success was the ability to learn and perform songs currently in therecord charts. They sometimes playedIrish traditional orCéilidh music and a few included self-composed songs.[31]
With the rise in popularity ofAmerican country music, a new subgenre developed in Ireland known as 'Country and Irish'. It was formed by mixing American Country music with Irish influences, incorporating Irish folk music. This often resulted in traditional Irish songs being sung in a country music style. It is especially popular in the rural Midlands and North-West of the country. It also remains popular among Irish emigrants in Great Britain.Big Tom and The Mainliners were the first major contenders in this genre, having crossed over from the showband era of the 1960s. Other major artists werePhilomena Begley andMargo, the latter even being bestowed the unofficial title ofQueen of Country & Irish.[32][33] The most successful performer in the genre today isDaniel O'Donnell, who has garnered success in the UK, US and Australia.[34] O'Donnell's frequent singing partnerMary Duff has also had success in this genre and most recently County Carlow nativeDerek Ryan has enjoyed Irish chart hits doing this type of music.
Traditional music played a part in Irish popular music later in the century, withClannad,Van Morrison,Hothouse Flowers andSinéad O'Connor using traditional elements in popular songs.Enya achieved international success withNew Age/Celtic fusions. TheAfro-Celt Sound System achieved fame adding West African influences and electronic dance rhythms in the 1990s while bands such asKíla fuse traditional Irish with rock and world music representing the Irish tradition at world music festivals across Europe and America. The most notable fusion band in Ireland was Horslips, who combined Irish themes and music with heavy rock.The Shamrock Wings is a Colombian band that fuses Irish music with Caribbean rhythms.[citation needed]
Riverdance is a musical and dancing interval act which originally starredMichael Flatley andJean Butler and featuring the choirAnúna. It was performed during theEurovision Song Contest 1994 as "Riverdance". Popular reaction to the act was so immense that an entire musical revue was built around the act.
The 1960s saw the emergence of major Irish rock bands and artists, such asThem,Van Morrison,Emmet Spiceland,Eire Apparent,Skid Row,Taste,Rory Gallagher,Dr. Strangely Strange,Thin Lizzy,Gary Moore,Mellow Candle.
In 1970Dana put Ireland on the pop music map by winning the Eurovision Song Contest with her songAll Kinds of Everything. She went to number one in the UK and all over Europe and paved the way for many Irish artists.Gilbert O'Sullivan went to the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic in 1972 with a string of hits, and the all-sister line-up ofThe Nolans gained international chart success in the late 1970s.Chris de Burgh achieved international acclaim with his 1986 hit "Lady in Red".
Some groups who formed during the emergence ofpunk rock in the mid-late 1970s includedU2,Virgin Prunes,The Boomtown Rats,The Undertones,Aslan,Gavin Friday, andStiff Little Fingers. Later in the 80s and into the 90s, Irish punk fractured into new styles ofalternative rock, which includedThat Petrol Emotion,In Tua Nua,Fatima Mansions,My Bloody Valentine andAsh.[35] In the 1990s, pop and rock bands likeThe Corrs,B*Witched,Boyzone,Westlife andThe Cranberries emerged. In the same decade, Ireland also contributed a subgenre offolk metal known asCeltic metal with exponents of the genre includingCruachan,Primordial,Geasa, andWaylander.[36]
In recent decades Irish music in many different genres has been very successful internationally; however, the most successful genres have been rock, popular and traditional fusion, with performers such as (in alphabetical order):Altan,The Answer,Ash,Aslan,Aphex Twin,B*Witched,Bell X1,Frances Black,Mary Black,The Blizzards,The Bothy Band,Brendan Bowyer,Boyzone,Paul Brady,Jimmy Buckley,Chris de Burgh,Paddy Casey,The Cast of Cheers,Celtic Thunder,Celtic Woman,The Chieftains,The Clancy Brothers,Clannad,Codes,Rita Connolly,The Coronas,The Corrs,Phil Coulter,Nadine Coyle (ofGirls Aloud),The Cranberries,Peter Cunnah (ofD:Ream),Dana,De Dannan,Cathy Davey,Damien Dempsey,The Divine Comedy,Joe Dolan,Val Doonican,Ronnie Drew,The Dubliners,Mary Duff,Duke Special,EDEN,Enya,Julie Feeney,Fight Like Apes,Fontaines D.C.,Mick Flannery,The Frames,The Fureys,Bridie Gallagher,Rory Gallagher,Lisa Hannigan,Glen Hansard ofThe Frames,Keith Harkin,Gemma Hayes,The High Kings,Niall Horan (ofOne Direction),Horslips,The Hothouse Flowers,Hozier,In Tua Nua,Andy Irvine,Laura Izibor,Gavin James,Jape,Jerry Fish & The Mudbug Club,Siva Kaneswaran (ofThe Wanted),Dolores Keane,Sean Keane,Luke Kelly,Dermot Kennedy,Keywest,Kíla,James Kilbane,Kodaline,Jack L,Johnny Logan,Dónal Lunny,Phil Lynott andThin Lizzy,Tommy Makem,Imelda May,Eleanor McEvoy,Christy Moore,Gary Moore,Van Morrison,Moving Hearts,Samantha Mumba,Mundy,Róisín Murphy,Ruby Murray,My Bloody Valentine,Declan Nerney,Maura O'Connell,Sinéad O'Connor,Daniel O'Donnell,Annmarie O'Riordan,Declan O'Rourke,Gilbert O'Sullivan,Picturehouse,Picture This,Pillow Queens,Planxty,Carmel Quinn,Republic of Loose,Damien Rice,The Riptide Movement,Dickie Rock,Derek Ryan,The Saw Doctors,The Script,Sharon Shannon,Pa Sheehy (ofWalking on Cars),Snow Patrol,Something Happens,Davy Spillane,Stiff Little Fingers,Stockton's Wing,The Strypes,Tebi Rex,Therapy?,The Thrills,The Undertones,Walking on Cars,The Wolfe Tones,Two Door Cinema Club,U2,VerseChorusVerse,Villagers,Westlife,Bill Whelan,Finbar Wright, all achieving success nationally and internationally.
| Irish acts | Sold | Genre | Years active | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.U2 | 170 Million + | Rock | 1976 – present(49 Years) | [37] |
| 2.Enya | 80 Million + | Celtic/new-age | 1986 – present(39 Years) | [38] |
| 3.Westlife | 55 Million + | Pop | 1998 – 2012, 2018 – present(27 Years) | [39] |
| 4.The Cranberries | 50 Million + | Rock | 1990–2003, 2009–2019(35 Years) | [40] |
In 2010,PRS for Music conducted research to show which five Irish musicians orbands the public considered to be the 'most standout'.U2 topped the list with sixty-eight percent[41][42] whileWestlife,Van Morrison,Boyzone andThe Cranberries came in 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th, respectively. The research also suggested that the 'top-five' had sold over 341 millionalbums up to March 2010.[43]
| Irish act | Percent | Genre |
|---|---|---|
| 1.U2 | 68 | Rock |
| 2.Westlife | 10.5 | Pop |
| 3.Van Morrison | 10 | Soul |
| 4.Boyzone | 7.5 | Pop |
| 5.The Cranberries | 4 | Rock |
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