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| Music of Italy | ||||||||
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Sardinia is probably the mostculturally distinct of all theregions in Italy and, musically, is best known for thetenorepolyphonic singing, sacred chants calledgosos, thelauneddas, an ancient instrument that consists of a set of three single-reed pipes, all three mouth-blown simultaneously using circular breathing, with two chanters and one drone and thecantu a chiterra, amonodic song that is accompanied byguitar, widespread mainly in the center and north of the island.
Thelauneddas are an ancient instrument, dating back to at least the 8th century BC. They are played usingcircular breathing.Launeddas are used to play a complex style of music that has achieved some international attention, and they are still played during religious ceremonies and dances (su ballu).Some of the most famous player wereEfisio Melis,Antonio Lara,Dionigi Burranca andLuigi Lai. Many of the launeddas musicians are from the south of the island from villages likeVillaputzu,San Vito andMuravera in the subregion namedSarrabus, or fromSamatzai and even fromCabras nearOristano andOvodda nearNuoro. Distinctively, they are played using extensive variations on a few melodic phrases and, because of the technique of circular breathing, a single song can last over an hour.
Traditional singing accompanied by guitarcantu a chiterra is also found in Sardinia, represented by performers likeLuiginu Cossu,Maria Carta, and nowadaysFrancesco Demuro; this genre is especially well known in the northwest region ofLogudoro near the city ofSassari and in the northeast region ofGallura.
Rural polyphonic chanting known ascantu a tenore is sung with four vocal parts. They arebassu (bass),mesa boghe (middle),contra (counter) andboghe (leader and soloist). The most popular group isTenores di Bitti; another one isTenores de Oniferi.In November 2005, theA Tenore vocal style of the Sardinian pastoral culture was proclaimed aMasterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity byUNESCO. Interesting fact is that two voices of Cantu a Tenore choir have significant similarities with Tuvan Throat Singing (Khöömei), especially the voices of "bassu" and "contra", which are technically related to "kargyraa" and "korekteer".
Sacredgozos (inSardinian languagegosos), or sacred songs, can be heard during religious celebrations, one of the most famous song is theDeus ti salvet Maria ("God save you, Mary") also known as the SardinianHail Mary.
Traditional dances includesuballu tundu,supassu torrau,sudurdurinu,sudillu,salogudoresa, s'arroxiada,supassu e tres, andsacampidanesa.
Aside from thelauneddas, traditional instruments include thebenas, theorganittu, thechiterra, and thetamburinos.
Other influential Sardinian musicians includeTotore Chessa (organetto), 1930s launeddas legendEfisio Melis,Maria Carta,Mauro Palmas,Elena Ledda ofSonos andSuonofficina,Cordas et Cannas,Antonello Salispiano,Paolo Fresu (trumpet) andGesuino Deiana (guitar).
The modern Teatro Comunale ofCagliari is home to the permanent Choir and Orchestra of the Opera and Concert Association of Cagliari and seat of the Cagliari Opera Foundation. As well, there is a Roman amphitheater in Cagliari that is used for outdoor summer concerts and festivals. The city is the site of thePalestrina music conservatory.
The town ofTadasuni is the site of the interesting Giovanni Dore museum, a collection of 400 traditional Sardinian folk instruments. The Ente Musicale diNuoro was founded in 1987 and, among other activities, sponsors the annual NuoroJazz Festival directed by trumpeterPaolo Fresu.Sassari is the site of theLuigi Canepa Music Conservatory, the Teatro Politeama Verdi, built in 1884; and the Civic Theatre (1827).
Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios[1] ("The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords"[2]), also known asProcurad'e moderare, barones, sa tirannia ("O barons! Make sure you temper [your] tyranny"), is the revolutionaryanthem written inSardinian language by Francesco Ignazio Mannu during the revolt occurred in 1794 all over the island against the feudalism, which culminated in the expulsion of the Piedmontese tyrants: the hymn had been translated inEnglish by John Warre Tyndale in 1849, inFrench by A. Boullier in 1864 and inGerman by B. Schütze in 1979.
S'hymnu sardu nationale ("The Sardinian National Anthem") was the anthem of theSavoyardKingdom of Sardinia (later to become theKingdom of Italy); it was written in Sardinian by Vittorio Angius in 1842. It was replaced by theMarcia Reale (Royal March of Ordinance) in 1861.
Dimonios (Demons) is the official hymn of theSassari Mechanized Brigade, written in Sardinian by Luciano Sechi in 1994.
