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Theculture of Jersey is theculture of the Bailiwick ofJersey. Jersey has a mixedFranco-British culture; however, modern Jersey culture is dominated by British cultural influences and has also been influenced by immigrant communities such as theBretons and thePortuguese (mainly fromMadeira).
Jersey's culture is strongly influenced by its distinctpolitical culture, such as having its owncurrency andpostal service, and its important industries such asagriculture andfinance.
Jersey is predominantly English-speaking, with English forming the main cultural and official language of Jersey people and government. However, French remains a co-official language due to its use as the language of civil affairs in the island.[1] Due to immigration, many islanders' first language is nowPortuguese.[2]
Jèrriais, the island'sNorman language, is spoken by a minority of the population,[2] although it was the majority language in the 19th century. Among those who still speak the language one can identify theparish of origin of a speaker by differences inphonology andlexis. There has recently been a push, especially from theGovernment of Jersey, to keep Jèrriais as a living language. This includes Jèrriais lessons at all Government primary schools.[3]
Most common place names in Jersey are in Jèrriais (such as La Ville-ès-Renauds), though some have beengallicised (e.g.,Les Quennevais) and most pronunciations have beenanglicised. The notable exception is all the parishes, which are usually in English (though French and Jèrriais forms exist). Road names are in French or Jèrriais, except in thetown area and some other new developments around the island.[4]
Literature in Jersey may be divided into:
The literary tradition in Jersey is traced back toWace, the 12th-century Jersey-born poet.
William Prynne wrote poetry while imprisoned in Jersey, but little indigenous literature survives from before the 18th century.
Printing only arrived in Jersey in the 1780s, but the island supported a multitude of regular publications in French (and Jèrriais) and English throughout the 19th century, in whichpoetry, most usually topical and satirical, flourished.
The first printed Jèrriais appears in the first newspapers at the end of the 18th century. The earliest identified dated example of printed poetry in Jèrriais is a fragment by Matchi L'Gé (Matthew Le Geyt, 1777–1849), dated 1795. The first printed anthology of Jèrriais poetry,Rimes Jersiaises, was published in 1865.
Influential writers include 'Laelius' (SirRobert Pipon Marett 1820–1884,Bailiff of Jersey 1880–1884), 'A.A.L.G.' (Augustus Aspley Le Gros 1840–1877), and 'St.-Luorenchais' (Philippe Langlois 1817–1884).
Philippe Le Sueur Mourant (1848–1918) wrote under several pseudonyms. His greatest success was the characterBram Bilo, but he later developed the Pain family, newly moved toSaint Helier, who commented on its Anglicized society and fashionable entertainments.
'Elie' (Edwin J. Luce 1881–1918) was editor of the French-language newspaperLa Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey and a poet who wrote topical poems for the newspaper. He died in theinfluenza pandemic of 1918. His brother, Philip W. Luce (1882–1966), also a journalist and poet, emigrated toCanada, but sent occasional writings back to Jersey.
'Caouain' (George W. de Carteret 1869–1940) maintained a weekly newspaper column purporting to be the work of an owl (cahouain) reporting on the latest election news and local gossip.
During theOccupation, the German censors allowed little original writing to be published. However, many older pieces of literature were republished in the newspapers as an act of cultural self-assertion and morale-boosting.
Edward Le Brocq (1877–1964) revived the weekly column in 1946 with a letter fromPh'lip et Merrienne, supposedly a traditional old couple who would comment on the latest news or recall times past. The column continued until the author's death in 1964.
The most influential writer ofJèrriais in the 20th century was a U.S. citizen,George Francis Le Feuvre (1891–1984), whose pen-name was 'George d'la Forge'. He emigrated to North America after theFirst World War but for almost forty years maintained a flow of articles in Jèrriais back to Jersey for publication in newspapers.
Frank Le Maistre (1910–2002), compiler of the Jèrriais–Frenchdictionary, maintained a literary output starting in the 1930s with newspaper articles under the pseudonymMarie la Pie, poems, magazine articles, and research into toponymy and etymology. He himself considered his masterpiece to be his translation of theRubaiyat of Omar Khayyam into Jèrriais that he made during theGerman Occupation (1940–1945).
The French writerVictor Hugo lived in exile in Jersey from 1852 to 1855.
Elinor Glyn andJohn Lemprière were Jersey-born writers.Frederick Tennyson,Jack Higgins, andGerald Durrell are among writers who have made Jersey their home.
SomeNeolithic carvings are the earliest works of artistic character to be found in Jersey. Only fragmentary wall-paintings remain from the rich mediaeval artistic heritage, after the wholesaleiconoclasm of theCalvinist reformation of the 16th century - the most notable of these are the wall-paintings of the Fisherman's Chapel (la Chapelle ès Pêcheurs) inSt. Brelade.
The 1751 statue ofGeorge II byJohn Cheere in the Royal Square was Jersey's first public sculpture since the Reformation.[5] Subsequent works of public art to be seen include:
John Singleton Copley's painting of the Battle of Jersey (6 January 1781),The Death of Major Pierson, became a national icon. The States of Jersey failed in an attempt to purchase it (it is now in theTate Britain), but the image is reproduced on the reverse of a Jersey £10 note.
John Le Capelain (1812–1848) was born and lived all his life in St. Helier, setting up his studio in the attic of his parents' house in Hill Street. He is best known for his watercolours, although he had earlier followed his father in lithography but abandoned it after 1843. He travelled widely, taking advantage of St. Helier's excellent maritime links, and went sketching in France, England and Scotland. He was commissioned to produce a series of watercolours which were presented to QueenVictoria by the States of Jersey to commemorate her visit of 1846. The series was subsequently lithographed and published in book form. The Queen commissioned Le Capelain to produce a series of watercolour views of theIsle of Wight and it was while working on this commission that Le Capelain contracted tuberculosis and died, barely a week after his 36th birthday. A collection of his works, presented by public subscription in his memory, is displayed in the Parish Hall of St. Helier.
Among artists attracted to Jersey in the 19th century wasSarah Louisa Kilpack (1839–1909), an English artist noted for seascapes and coastal scenes, often stormy, produced for exhibition in London.
John Everett Millais, a Jèrriais speaker from a Jersey family, was born in England, but is considered a Jersey artist.
TheGlass Church inSt Lawrence is decorated with Art Deco glass byRené Lalique, commissioned byFlorence, Lady Trent, the Jersey-born wife ofLord Trent, founder of Boots Chemists. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.[6]
Edmund Blampied (1886–1966), illustrator and artist, is the most popular Jersey artist of the 20th century.
John St. Helier Lander (1869–1944), born in St. Helier, later became a fashionable portrait painter in London. His portrait of George V hangs at Victoria College, and the Masonic Temple in St. Helier holds a number of masonic portraits by him.[7]
Philip John Ouless (1817–1885), a successful workmanlike painter of marine subjects, was the father ofWalter William OulessRA (1848–1933), who developed a career as a portrait painter in London, becoming anAssociate of the Royal Academy (ARA) in 1877 and RA in 1881.
Henry Bosdet (1857–1934), an artist instained glass in aPre-Raphaelite style, taught in the Royal Academy schools in London. Some of his work can be seen in his native Island.
Suzanne Malherbe andClaude Cahun, the "Surrealist Sisters" were among photographers attracted to Jersey.
SirFrancis Cook (1907–1978), English painter, moved to Jersey in 1948. In the 1960s he bought the former Methodist chapel at Augrès and converted it to a studio and gallery which was donated after his death to the Jersey Heritage Trust along with a collection of his works. The building, now named theSir Francis Cook Gallery, serves as an exhibition space.
TheBerni Gallery at the Jersey Arts Centre holds a programme of exhibitions by Jersey and visiting artists. TheBarreau-Le Maistre Gallery in the Jersey Museum displays works from the permanent collection of the Jersey Heritage trust. Plans for a National Gallery to display the range of national holdings of visual art and provide suitable temporary exhibition space have been proposed from time to time. A National Gallery steering group chaired byPhilip Bailhache, Bailiff of Jersey, is due to report by the end of 2007. A site for the National Gallery has been earmarked on the site of the former Weighbridge bus station in St Helier,[8] funded by waterfront development.
The annualJersey Eisteddfod provides a platform for competition in music, drama and speaking in English, French and Jèrriais.
TheOpera House, opened by Lillie Langtry in 1900, and the Jersey Arts Centre are the main performance spaces, although many concerts and other cultural events take place in parish halls and other venues.
In 1995 the States of Jersey became the new owner of the Jersey Opera House at a cost of £1.3 million. In January 1997 the theatre closed for a major restoration project. A proposition was presented to the States of Jersey for a loan of £5.5 million to add to the £1.5 million that had been raised by the good will of the people and businesses of Jersey. This was successful and this major programme of work started in August 1998. After an extensive programme of rebuilding and renovation the new theatre opened its door on 9 July 2000 exactly 100 years to the day when the first Opera House had opened its doors to the public of Jersey.
Work on the Jersey Arts Centre started in 1981 when the Education Committee made available the redundant domestic science building in Saint Helier. The complex was opened by the Bailiff in January 1983 and various components of the building were subsequently completed: the Berni Gallery opened later in 1983, and the first performance took place in the shell of the auditorium in January 1985 although the performance space was not completed until August 1986. In 1992 the public acquired the former garrison church of St James and work started in 1998 to convert it into an arts venue. From 2000 the Jersey Arts Centre has undertaken artistic programming for St James.[9]
Lillie Langtry, theJersey Lily, is the island's most widely recognised cultural icon. Other actors from Jersey have includedSeymour Hicks,Ivy St Helier, and actorHenry Cavill (Showtime's the Tudors and the DC Comics film version of the Justice League).
The traditionalfolk music of Jersey was common in country areas until the mid-20th century. It cannot be separated from the musical traditions of continentalEurope, and the majority of songs and tunes that have been documented have close parallels or variants, particularly inFrance. Most of the surviving traditional songs are in French, with a minority in Jèrriais. The majority of Jèrriais-language songs are composed pieces dating from the 19th and 20th centuries, and not of folk origin. Research conducted in the 20th century also revealed the existence of folk songs in English (e.g. "The Greenland Whale Fishery", "Died for Love".) Only one folk song is believed to be of specifically Jersey provenance with no variants collected elsewhere: "La Chanson de Peirson".
Very little survives of an indigenous musical or dance tradition. Written testimony from the 20th century (Frank Le Maistre; George F. Le Feuvre) points to the practice of archaic dance-forms such as the "ronde" orround dance, 18th-century dances such as the cotillon and 19-century forms such as thepolka, theschottische and thequadrille. Dances such as the "Gigoton" and "La Bébée" are both forms of polka. Theviolin, thechifournie (hurdy-gurdy), and later theaccordion were traditional instruments forsonneurs (country dances). The decline of these dances has often been ascribed to the influence ofNonconformistChristianity that discouraged such cultural frivolities, or at least placed such a low value on these activities that they were not thought worth recording. It is more likely that, as in many other parts ofEurope, they were a victim of changing fashion and a cultural shift away from traditional regional society and toward English-speaking modernity.
There is also a lot of musical talent shown by the younger community of Jersey. The dominant genres are indie, punk and metal. The main event that these bands take part in is a Battle of the Bands each summer, the most recent winners being No Star Hotel. The bands often have trouble getting their music well known due to the isolation of the island. However, pop singerNerina Pallot has enjoyed international success.
Music events include the Liberation Jersey Music Festival.[10]
Grassroots[11] was a boutique summer music festival held in July, in front of Val de la Mare Reservoir sitting directly back from St Ouen's Bay. The 2011 festival attracted over 4,200 visitors,[12] but after the event the organisers left debts of £114,143.[13]
Jersey Live was a two-dayindie/dancemusic festival that was held annually atThe Royal Jersey Showground inTrinity from 2004 until 2016. The festival grew in popularity and size each year since its inception and drew interest from people outside theChannel Islands with foreign visitors making up approximately 27% of the 2006 crowd. Artists to have performed at Jersey Live Festival include Snow Patrol, Ed Sheeran, The Prodigy, Jake Bugg, Noel Gallagher, The Gaa Gaas, Fatboy Slim, Ben Howard, Ellie Goulding, Kasabian & Calvin Harris to name a few.
In the Channel Islands, broadcasting laws are managed by theUK Government andOfcom on behalf of the islands' governments. The islands have access to the sametelevision channels as the United Kingdom and many of the same national radio stations, such asBBC Radio. The Channel Islands Competition and Regulatory Authorities manages the level of demand for spectrum in the islands and makes recommendations to Ofcom for their management; however, Ofcom is charged with issuing licenses.[14]
Jersey hastelevision licenses in line with the same system used in the United Kingdom. A license is required to use a television set video recorder, DVD player or computer, which is capable of receiving broadcast programmes in the Bailiwick or elsewhere in theBritish Islands. As of 2013, the license for a colour television or television-enabled computer is £145.50.[15] The license fee is used to fundpublic broadcasting across the British Islands.
Although the Channel Islands have the same television channels as the United Kingdom, such as theBBC andSky, theBBC andITV plc operate regional channels in the islands,BBC One Channel Islands andITV Channel Television respectively. Their main studios are based in St Helier. The question of balance of coverage between the two bailiwicks is a matter of long-running debate, especially as most of the content is broadcast from Jersey. ITV and the BBC both produce a daily news programme for the islands, as well as posting island news articles on their websites.
The introduction of an ITV franchise posed a problem to theIndependent Television Authority, as, constitutionally, theTelevision Act 1954 did not apply to the islands, so the ITA's ability to operate there had to be permitted by means of extending the Act to the islands by means of anOrder in Council. Due to a technicality that prevented the Channel Islands from receiving colour television, Channel could only broadcast in black and white until 1976.[citation needed]
Due to the proximity to France, French television is fairly easily received as well, and British channels can be picked up on the neighbouring coast of the Norman mainland.
One of the best known portrayals of Jersey on the small screen was theBBC's crime dramaBergerac, featuringJohn Nettles as Jim Bergerac as a policeman in "Le Bureau des Étrangers" (a fictional department, based on the realBureau des Étrangers, for dealing with non-Jersey residents). This was filmed mainly in Jersey, but storylines increasingly moved further afield to England and France. Another series filmed in Jersey isthe Real Housewives of Jersey, part of theReal Housewives series.
Jersey has two local radio stations,BBC Radio Jersey and Channel 103 - a private operator.
The island'spatron saint is SaintHelier.
Theestablished church is theChurch of England, butMethodism has been historically strong, especially in country areas, and remains influential. A large minority of the population isRoman Catholic. The historic toleration of religious minorities has led to many persecuted minorities seeking refuge in Jersey. This has left a rich legacy of churches,chapels and places of worship.
Jersey people are traditionally known ascrapauds (toads) due to the particular fauna of Jersey that does not exist in the otherChannel Islands, especially in Guernsey. According to a Guernsey legend, StSamson of Dol arrived in Jersey but encountered such a hostile reception on the then-pagan island that he proceeded on to Guernsey. The welcome being much warmer in Guernsey, he repaid the inhabitants of that island by sending all the snakes and toads from Guernsey to Jersey.
Vraic is the Jersey word forseaweed, and the collection ofseaweed for fertiliser,vraicking, an important activity in the past, still continues on a small scale.
TheBattle of Flowers is the major carnival, held annually in August. First held for the coronation ofEdward VII in 1902, the carnival includes a parade of floral decorated floats. Originally, these floats were torn apart to provide floral ammunition for a battle of flowers between participants and spectators, but this aspect has long been abandoned.
Annualvisites du branchage are carried out twice in summer by parish officials to inspect roadside verges and hedges and ensure property owners have trimmed back overhanging greenery. This custom is to prevent Jersey's narrow lanes becoming hazardous or impassable through overgrown vegetation. The action ofbranchage (pronounced in the Jèrriais fashion, "brancage", as opposed to the French pronunciation) is the trimming of verges prior to the annual inspections. A haircut may also be jocularly referred to as abranchage.
Belief inwitchcraft was formerly strong in Jersey, and survived in country areas well into the 20th century. Witches were supposed to hold theirsabbats on Fridays at Rocqueberg, the Witches' Rock, in St. Clement. Folklore preserves a belief thatwitches' stones on old houses were resting places for witches flying to their meetings.
Every third year, Jersey hosts "La fête Nouormande", a folk festival centring on the Norman culture and heritage of the island, which attracts performers and visitors from Guernsey and the continent.
A past rural tradition wasLa Jouête, which took place on Shrove Tuesday, Easter Monday and other holidays. Islanders would be invited (for a fee) to throw stones at either cocks, ducks, hens, rabbits or similar. He who killed the animal would be able to take it as a prize. They were brought to end in 1896 by the Law to prevent the bad treatment of animals (though it is believed the tradition continued until 1906 nonetheless).[16]: 126
On Good Fridays of the past, it was tradition for Jerseymen to travel for a picnic. Limpets would be collected from the rocks and cooked on the spot with bread cake eaten hot with butter. Later on, eating hot cross buns became popular as well.[16]: 129
Jersey has often been patriotic about its connection with the British Crown, and by extension the UK itself. In 1833, a list of public houses in St Helier include two named the 'Britannia', the 'Crown and Thistle', 'George III', the King's Arms', the 'King's Head', the Robin Hood', three named the 'Royal George', 'True Britain', and 'Waterloo'. On Mulcaster Street, a pub now named the Lamplighter features on its edifice a seated figure of Britannia holding a shield and trident, with a flagstaff displaying the Union Jack.[16]: 38
Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey:mussels (calledmoules locally),scallops,oysters,lobster andcrabs — especiallyspider crabs which are considered a particular delicacy.Razor-fishing,sand-eeling andlimpeting used to be popular activities but have declined in importance.Ormers, being highly sought after, are conserved and fishing is restricted. Another seafood speciality isconger soup.
Bean crock (les pais au fou) can best be described as a sort of Normancassoulet. It is a slow-cooked pork and bean stew, most authentically containing apig's trotter, water and onions. In the past the dish was so ubiquitous that English-speaking visitors, purporting to believe that the people of Jersey ate nothing else, dubbed the inhabitantsJersey beans (this epithet is sometimes considered derogatory, but a Jersey primary school French coursebookSalut Jersey featured two beansHaricot andMangetout).
Nettle (ortchie) soup was once a popular dish and was considered a tonic for the heart.
Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), a sort of rich twisteddoughnut, is made less in the home than formerly but is still a popular treat at fairs and festivals. A sort of wonder poached in milk is known as a fliotte (eune fliotte).
Cabbage loaf is the traditional Jerseybread baked between twocabbage leaves. Historically, Jersey produced sturdywalking sticks fashioned from the stalks of cabbages, known as "Tall Jacks", which had been induced to grow tall stalks by removing leaves around the heart.[17][18]
Vraic buns are very large sweet buns with raisins, and were traditionally eaten when men went out vraicing on the shore.
Hot cross buns, a popular food around Easter in England, were not introduced to the island until the nineteenth century, but are now readily available.
Jerseymilk being very rich,cream andbutter have played a large part in insular cooking. Unlike other parts of the Duchy of Normandy, there is no historical tradition ofcheese; Jersey people have traditionally preferred rich yellow thickly spread butter.
Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety ofnew potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of small, flavourful potatoes from the south-facing côtils (steeply-sloping fields). They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter.
Apples historically were an important crop.Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices (especiallyliquorice). Although called butter, it does not contain any milk. It is traditional to hold black butter nights (séthées d'nièr beurre) in autumn. These are still an important traditional social occasion in country areas; the stirring must be maintained around the clock. The complete process of making black butter, including the peeling of the apples, the stirring of the mixture in a large cauldron throughout the night, the camaraderie and the jarring up was recorded by the filmmaker D. Rusowsky for a 48-minute documentary.[19] Reviving the tradition supports the conservation of traditional orchards, which are highly endangered.[20]
Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Calvados is also produced. Some wine is produced.
Jersey participates in its own right in theCommonwealth Games, in which shooting is a strong sport. Golf is also popular -Harry Vardon was a Jerseyman.
Jersey participates in theIsland Games, which it has hosted. In sporting events in which Jersey does not have international representation, when the BritishHome Nations are competing separately, islanders that do have high athletic skill may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations - there are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent another Home Nation.
TheMuratti football match against Guernsey is one of the sporting highlights of the year. There are several rugby clubs in the island, including a rugby academy for under 18s andLes Quennevais Rugby Club.
