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Mushir (Arabic:مشير) is an Arabic word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the wordshura, meaning consultation or "taking counsel".
As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is roughly comparable to the European titles ofState Counsellor andCounsellor of State.
In a military context,mushir became associated with the idea of the ruler's personal counsellor or advisor on military matters, and as such became the highest rank in Arab countries and theOttoman Empire. It is used as the highest rank in most armed forces of theMiddle East andNorth Africa, for armies, navies, and air forces. It is therefore equivalent to the ranks ofField Marshal andAdmiral of the Fleet.
InIraq under the rule ofSaddam Hussein, theIraqi Navy maintained a fleet admiral rank known asMushir. A Mushir was the most senior of all naval officers and the rank was rarely bestowed. The sleeve insignia was the same as a BritishAdmiral of the Fleet.[citation needed]
The rank of Mushir in Iraq is known as "Muhib" and is used in all official and unofficial addresses.[citation needed] Saddam Hussein as commander-in-chief of theIraqi Armed Forces was an honorary "staff muhib" (مهيب ركن) in the Iraqi army, and the uniform which he typically wore was that of a staff muhib. He was the only muhib in theIraqi Army, for the minister of defence and the chief of staff held the rank ofFariq awal rukun (فريق اول ركن), or "staff general". (Hussein never actually served in the Iraqi Army but commanded as ruler of Iraq.) After Hussein's fall in the2003 invasion of Iraq, the rank of Mushir became obsolete in the new Iraqi military.[citation needed]
InSaudi Arabia, the rank of Mushir is typically held ceremonially by theHouse of Saud, and translated as "First class Field Marshal".
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