Muscovado is a type of partiallyrefined to unrefinedsugar with a strongmolasses content and flavour, and dark brown in colour. It is technically considered either anon-centrifugal cane sugar or a centrifuged, partially refined sugar according to the process used by the manufacturer.[1][2] Muscovado contains higher levels of various minerals than processed white sugar.[3][4] Its main uses are in food andconfectionery, and the manufacturing ofrum and other forms of alcohol. The largest producer and consumer of muscovado isIndia.[5][6]
The English name "muscovado" is derived from a corruption ofPortugueseaçúcar mascavado (unrefined sugar).[7][8]
There is no legal definition of muscovado, and no international standards for it such asCodex Alimentarius or "protected designation of origin". This has led to manufacturers calling various sugar products "muscovado", and has led to confusion between muscovado,brown sugar, and evenjaggery.
The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began innorthern India, after the introduction ofsugarcane byAustronesian traders fromMaritime Southeast Asia at around 1000 BCE. However, the exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear.[9] The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancientSanskrit andPali texts.[10] Around the 8th century, Muslim andArab traders introduced sugar frommedieval India to the other parts of theAbbasid Caliphate in theMediterranean,Mesopotamia,Egypt,North Africa, andAndalusia. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane.[11]
Theearly modern era, which saw theEuropean colonization of the Americas andAsia, also led to a rapid increase in sugar production. Sugarplantations were established in numerous places colonized by European nations, such as islands in theIndian Ocean, theWest Indies andSouth andNorth America.[12] Labor for these plantations were typically provided byindentured servants,slaves orkidnapped Pacific Islanders, which saw the rise of thetransatlantic andIndian Ocean slave trades to supply enslaved laborers to cash crop plantations (including those producing sugar). Sugarcane was typically refined into raw sugar or distilled intorum on colonial plantations or sent elsewhere to be processed.[13][14]
Raw sugar was brought to port in a variety of purities that could be sold either as raw sugar directly to market for producing alcohol, or as muscovado exported to sugar refineries in Europe and the Americas.[15] In 19th-centuryEurope, raw sugars that had been refined enough to lose most of their molasses content were labeled as raw sugar and deemed higher quality, while poor quality sugars with a high molasses content were referred to as muscovado, though the termbrown sugar was sometimes used interchangeably.[15]
Muscovado is made from the juice of sugar cane that is evaporated until crystallisation occurs. The viscous suspension of crystals and mother liquor (molasses) is called massecuite. In the 19th century several techniques were used for sugar production.[16][17][18][2][1][19] Muscovado is today produced by three main methods:[20][21]
Massecuite is also used in the production of jaggery, in which it is set into moulds directly (without shearing, centrifuging, or spray drying).[20]
Total global production is 10 million to 11 million tons annually by 20 nations. The largest producer is India (58%), followed byColombia (14%),Myanmar (9%),Pakistan (6%),Brazil (4%),Bangladesh (3%), andChina (3%).[5][6]
In India, mostkhand (muscovado) is produced by 150 small to medium scale private manufacturers overseen by theKhadi and Village Industries Commission. These producers use traditional chemical-free organic manual shearing methods, each operating between 100 and 120 days per year, with a typical capacity of between 200 and 350 tons of sugarcane per day.[5] The largest producingstates in India areMaharashtra (58%),Bihar (6%),Karnataka (5%),Madhya Pradesh andChhattisgarh (6%).[5]
InMauritius, muscovado is produced by centrifuging massecuite, from which the molasses is left to drain naturally.[2]
In thePhilippines, muscovado may be generated by any of the three methods.[1][19][20][21] In the past, muscovado was one of the islands' prominent export commodities, especially from theNegros island region in theWestern Visayas, from the 19th century until the late 1970s.[22]
The production of muscovado in the Philippines,Barbados, and elsewhere had experienced a long period of decline when large mills took over sugar production from small farmers with small mills. In recent years an increased consumer interest in healthy and organic foods has revived interest in muscovado, creating a new market for small mills.[23]
When produced under regulated conditions muscovado is nutritionally richer than sugars,[24][better source needed] and retains more of the natural minerals in sugar cane juice, as shown in the following nutritional analysis (per 100 g):[25]
Muscovado is used as an ingredient in food and confectionery,[26][27] and as a sweetener in hot beverages. It is very dark brown and is slightly coarser and stickier than most brown sugars. Muscovado takes its flavor and color from its source,sugarcane juice. It offers good resistance to high temperatures and has a reasonably long shelf life.
Muscovado sugar can be substituted for brown sugar in most recipes by slightly reducing the liquid content of the recipe.
The use ofkhand in India in making sweets has been traced to at least 500 BCE, when both raw and refined sugar were used.[26]
Along withgur,khandsari unrefined sugar is India's traditional sweetener,[27] commonly used in traditional recipes formasala chai (spiced Indian tea), eating withroti by mixing with meltedghee, traditional Indian sweets that require sugar such askheer (Indian rice pudding), gur or khandr chawal (sweetened rice) orladdu.
A significant proportion of India's production of Khandsari (muscovado) is used for the illicit production ofdesi daru, a distilled alcoholic drink.[5]
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