| Muscat rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theMiddle Eastern theatre of World War I | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 British Empire Muscat and Oman |  Imamate of OmanSupported by:  German Empire (1915-1918) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Faisal bin Turki (Until Oct 1913)Taimur bin Feisal (From Oct 1913) | Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī[1] Shaikh Isa ibn Salih[1] Shaikh Hamyar ibn Nasir[1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 1,000 troops (1913)[2] 256 troops (1913)[2] | Unknown | ||||||
TheMuscat rebellion[3] was an uprising in 1913 led by Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultans ofMuscat and Oman.[4] The rebels established their own state, the Ibāḍī imamate.[4] Its causes lay in a deep-rooted rivalry between northern and southern tribes of Muscat and Oman.[5] It began in May 1913 inTanuf.[6] On 5 June, the rebels capturedNizwa,[2] and on 20 June they capturedIzki.[2] By this time, the rebels had also surrounded Samail.[2] On 24 June, the rebels captured al-`Awabi.[2] By July, the situation had gotten so dire that the British government sent a small garrison toNatrah to aid the sultan of Muscat, to no avail.[7] In August, the rebels capturedSamail.[8] Also in August, the rebels launched an offensive towards the coastal side of al-Jabal al-Akhda, andNakhl was besieged on the 4th. Nakhl ultimately fell at the beginning of April 1914, after the desertion of several of the imam's reinforcement contingents.[2] In April 1914 British cruisers bombardedBarkah andQaryat to dislodge rebels from those settlements.[2]
In January 1915 the rebels began a long-anticipated attack onMuscat city. On the 7th the Imam had gathered with 400 men at Bidbid. Al-Watayyah was raided on the 8th, and on the 9th firing was heard in the nearby hills. The rebels advanced to the village of Bawshar and gathered at the village of al-Khuwayr. The two forces merged and advanced to al-Watayyah by the 10th. They were opposed by 750British Indian Army troops, consisting of detachments of the102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers (led by Colonel S. M. Edwardes and stationed at Bayt al-Falaj) and the95th Russell's Infantry (commanded by Colonel F. F. Major and stationed at Ruwi village). A small detachment of Arab retainers was to protect Dar Sayt, but actually fled when fighting began.[2]
On 11 January, the British Indian Army launched a large-scale counterattack, and the 750 troops succeeded at driving back around 3,000 rebels troops, causing 350 casualties with the rebel chief Isa bin Salih being wounded and his brother killed.[2] By April 1915, German agents had arrived in the Ibāḍī imamate. The general perception of the rebels at that time was that Germans had more or less emerged victorious in thewar in Europe, thatWilhelm II and his followers had converted toIslam, and that it was prudent to continue fighting the British and the sultan until they would be driven out ofArabia. Thus, they rejected all attempts by Britain to broker a peace settlement, which the British government desired due to a need for British troops elsewhere.[9] In July the forts of Rushtaq and Hazam surrendered to the Rebels.[10] However, the Sultan also recaptured some settlements in late July, such as the port of Daghmar and headquarters of Hayl al-Gha.[2]
In June 1916, the Imam's forces attacked Bahi and al-Rustaq. While the former assault succeeded, the latter assault failed and the rebels opted to besiege it instead. al-Rushtaq finally fell in August 1917. Stalemate ensued for the following years. The final battle took place in April 1920 in al-Hazm, where a rebel assault was once again repelled. The rebels sued for peace in September 1920, ending the war.[2]