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Murshidabad district is a district in the Indian state ofWest Bengal. Situated on the left bank of the riverGanges,[4] the district is very fertile. Covering an area of 5,341 km2 (2,062 sq mi) and having a population 7.103 million (according to 2011 census),[5] it is a densely populated district and the ninth most populous in India (out of640).[6]Berhampore city is the headquarters of the district.
TheMurshidabad city, which lends its name to the district, was the seat of power of theNawabs of Bengal. All ofBengal was once governed from this city. A few years afterNawabSiraj-ud-Daula lost to the British at theBattle of Plassey, the capital of Bengal was moved to the newly founded city of Calcutta, now calledKolkata.[7]
The district is named after the historical town of Murshidabad, which was named afterNawabMurshid Quli Khan.
The capital city ofShashanka, the great king ofGauḍa region (comprising most of Bengal) in the seventh century CE and perhaps that ofMahipala, one of the laterPala kings ofBengal, were in this district. The earliest evidences of the history of the district date back to the prehistoric days, perhaps as early as circa 1500 BCE.[8]
The district got its present name in the early eighteenth century and its present shape in the later half of the eighteenth century.Murshidabad town, which lends its name to the district, derived its name from its founder,Murshid Quli Khan. The city, lying just east of theBhagirathi River, is an agricultural trade and silk-weaving centre. Travellers marvelled at its glory through the ages. Originally called Makhsudabad, it was reportedly founded by theMughal emperorAkbar in the 16th century.[9] Kartalab Khan was appointed asDiwan ofBengal Subah in 1701 CE byAurangzeb. He shifted his office from Dacca (present dayDhaka) to Maksudabad in 1702 CE. In 1703 CE,Aurangzeb honoured him with the title ofMurshid Quli Khan and granted the permission to rename the city as Murshidabad in 1704 CE after his newly acquired title.[4]
The Nawab Murshid Quli Khan made Murshidabad the capital city of Bengal Subah, comprisingBengal,Bihar, andOrissa. The family ofJagat Seth maintained their position as state bankers at Murshidabad from generation to generation.[4] TheEast India Company reigned from here for many years after theBattle of Plassey.
Warren Hastings removed the supreme civil and criminal courts to Calcutta in 1772, but in 1775 the latter court was brought back to Murshidabad again. In 1790, underCharles Cornwallis, the entire revenue and judicial staffs were fixed at Calcutta. The city was still the residence of the nawab, who ranked as the first nobleman of the province with the style ofNawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, instead ofNawab Nazim of Bengal. TheHazarduari palace, dating from 1837, is a magnificent building in Italian style. The city still bears memories of Nawabs with other palaces, mosques, tombs, and gardens, and retains such industries as carving in ivory, gold and silver embroidery, and silk-weaving.[4][8]
The Murshidabad District Committee of theIndian National Congress was formed in 1921 withBraja Bhusan Gupta as its first President. TheSwadeshi movement andQuit India Movement were active in the district. LeadersSubhas Chandra Bose andKazi Nazrul Islam were imprisoned inBerhampore, whereKrishnath College educated revolutionariesSurya Sen andNiranjan Sengupta. The district saw the foundation of theHindu Muslim Unity Association in 1937 byWasif Ali Mirza, and theRevolutionary Socialist Party in 1940 byTridib Choudhury.
On 15 August 1947, theIndian Independence Act 1947 came into force, and for the next two days Murshidabad, due to itsMuslim majority, was part of theDominion of Pakistan (specificallyEast Bengal orEast Pakistan, which seceded asBangladesh in 1971). On 17 August 1947, the final boundary adjustment of theRadcliffe Commission transferred Murshidabad to theDominion of India (specificallyWest Bengal),[8] to ensure theHooghly River was entirely within India.[10]
It bordersMalda district to the north, Jharkhand'sSahebganj district and to the north-west,Birbhum to the west,Bardhaman to the south-west andNadia district due south. The international border with Bangladesh'sRajshahi division is on the east.
The district comprises two distinct regions separated by the Bhagirathi River. To the west lies theRarh, a high, undulating continuation of the Chota Nagpur plateau. The eastern portion, the Bagri, is a fertile, low-lying alluvial tract, part of the Ganges Delta. The district is drained by the Bhagirathi andJalangi rivers and their tributaries. Bhagirathi is a branch of the Ganges, and flows southwards fromFarakka barrage where it originates from the Ganges. It flows southwards through the district and divides it into more or less equal halves.Dwarka River flows through Kandi and meet withGanges.
Most of the land is arable, and used as agricultural land. Commonly seen trees areNeem,Mango,Jackfruit.
Murshidabad has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification). The annual mean temperature is approximately 27 °C; monthly mean temperatures range from 17 °C to 35 °C (approximate figures). Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30s and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C between December and January. On an average, May is the hottest month with daily average temperatures ranging from a low of 27 °C to a maximum of 40 °C, while January the coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 °C to a maximum of 23 °C. Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains cum ice sleets lash the district, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers).[11]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon lash the city between June and September and supplies the district with most of its annual rainfall of approx 1,600 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August approx 300 mm (12 in). Floods are common during Monsoon, causing loss of life, destruction of property, and loss of crops.
Most of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. There are some silk farms and some weaving machines, but they are losing out fast against the modern industries. Murshidabad is known for the quality silk produced here.[citation needed] Beedi industry is also there. Many of the India's major beedi companies are from this district.
Trade and business are conducted primarily with Asansol, Burdwan andKolkata. There were some discussions betweenIndia andBangladesh to open an internal water transport link betweenDhulian andRajshahi but it has not materialised yet.[when?]
In 2006 theMinistry of Panchayati Raj named Murshidabad one of the country's 250most backward districts (out of a total of640).[12] It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from theBackward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[12]
Rice, jute,legumes, oilseeds, wheat, barley, andmangoes are the chief crops in the east; extensivemulberry cultivation is carried out in the west. The district is known for the quality and diversity of Mango produced. However, Mango is not a major produce of the Murshidabad district, unlike the adjoining district ofMalda.
The Ivory and Wood craft industry dates back to the time when the Nawabs of Bengal had their court at Murshidabad. As this industry was fully dependent for its prosperity on the support of a luxurious court and wealthy noblemen, it had to face a crisis when the Nawabs lost their power and their court disappeared.
Sholapith is a milky-white sponge-wood which is carved into delicate objects of art. Shola is a plant which grow wild in marshy waterlogged areas. The biological name of shola is Aeschynomene Indica or Aeschynomene Aspera (bean family) and it is a herbaceous plant. The sholapith is the cortex or core of the plant and is 11⁄2 inch in diameter. The outer harder brown skin is removed by expert hands to reveal the inner soft milky-white and spongy material, almost similar to "Thermocol", artificially produced in a laboratory. However, sholapith is much superior to thermocol in terms of malleability, texture, lustre and sponginess. Artisans use it for making artefacts used for decoration and ornate head-wears of bridal couple.
In Murshidabad the shola crafts are flowery designs, decorative head-wears of gods and goddesses, garlands, intricate figurines like faces of gods and goddesses, elephant-howdahs, peacock-boats, palanquins and so on are made of sholapith.
Bell-metal and brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi, Baranagar and Jangipur. They are exported as well as sold in the local markets. Locks and betelnut cutters of a superior kind are made at Dhulian and iron chests at Jangipur. The problem of getting raw materials for the brass and bell-metal artisans of the district is, however, acute. While delay in getting raw materials owing to the complicated procedural formalities involved in the submission of applications for raw materials has been almost a constant factor, the industry has also been affected by the change in consumers demand in favour of stainless steel, plastic and ceramic goods and crockery.
The District is having the largest Power Plant at Sagardighi 12 km from Raghunathganj, it also having a Central power plant at Farraka NTPC Generating 1600MW power. A Hydropower project is upcoming in the district. The District is the largest manufacturer of Bidi and many women from the district are involved in manufacturing Bidi.
TheBaluchari sarees are figured silk saree produced in the town of Baluchar in Murshidabad district. Baluchar sarees essentially have a silk base with silk brocaded designs with respect to their colours, where in spite of a rich composition, the Baluchar bootidars almost avoid strong contrasts. Each pattern is treated in a colour which harmonises with the ground on which it is laid. The most popular colours used are red, blue, yellow, green and scarlet. The Baluchari sarees have large floral motifs interspersed with flowering shrubs. Traditionally the Muslim community was also known to produce these Baluchars with figured patterns depicting court scenes, horse with a rider, women smoking hookah. The Kalka design or the cone motif is often surrounded with floral borders.
Bengal had a nourishing silk industry in the past and Murshidabad long enjoyed a special reputation in this respect. The Bengal silk manufactures formed one of the important exports of the English East India Company to England, and these were exported also to the markets in the Asiatic countries. After the establishment of English factories at Malda and Cossimbazar, the English Company's trade in Bengal silk manufactures began to increase, and their use became common among the people in England because of their good quality and cheapness. In the mid-eighteenth century the country round about it (Cossimbazar) was very fertile, and the inhabitants remarkably industrious, being employed in many useful manufactures. About 1663 AD, the Dutch in their Cossimbazar factory sometimes employed 700 silk weavers, and the English and the other European nations smaller number. There was considerable demand for Bengal's raw silk in England's markets as the Continental System occasioned an entire cessation of the customary importations of the Italian raw silk. Murshidabad has always had a high reputation for its quality of silk and that was one of the primary exports that the English East India Company made to England. Murshidabad has had a long association with the silk industry particularly during the times of the English East India company, which saw the emergence of two English factories to spruce up the production of silk as there was a growing demand in England owing to the cheaper prices and superior quality, particularly during a time when the Italians started charging additional cess.
At present, Murshidabad is a hub for sericulture and handicrafts.
Surface transport (road and rail) is the most important way of transport. Even though a major river runs through the district (Bhagirathi), water transport is not very common, even though small boats ferry people across rivers where no bridge is available. one main bridge name Ramendrasundar Tribedi.
Buses are the most common form of transport, and they are easily available, and run to a wide range of destinations within and without the district. Bus transport is cheap (For example, a journey of 182 km to Kolkata from Baharampur costs about Rs. 135) Trucks carry majority of goods transported in the district. Overloaded trucks on the road are also a common sight, and they are a major reason roads are in bad condition.[13]
There are two major rail routes in this district. Both the major lines run in the North–South direction and connects the district toKolkata.
There is also a branch line,Nalhati–Azimganj branch line, that branches out from the former one atAzimganj and connects theSahibganj loop atNalhati (Birbhum).[14]
Nashipur Rail Bridge is an ongoing project that will connect the two major routes of the district betweenMurshidabad Railway Station andAzimganj Junction Railway Station across theBhagirathi River. This when completed will reduce the travel time between South Bengal and North Bengal.[15]
The district comprises five subdivisions:Barhampur,Domkal,Lalbag,Kandi andJangipur. Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns.[16] In total there are 30 urban units: 8 municipalities and 22census towns. The following are municipalities:Baharampur,Murshidabad,Jiaganj Azimganj,Beldanga,Domkal,Kandi,Jangipur,Dhulian.Baharampur andKasim Bazar together form anurban agglomeration.
Barhampur consists ofBaharampur municipality,Beldanga municipality, and five community development blocks:Berhampore,Beldanga I,Beldanga II,Hariharpara andNaoda.
Domkal subdivision consists ofDomkal municipality and four community development blocks:Domkal,Raninagar I,Raninagar II andJalangi.
Lalbag subdivision consists ofMurshidabad municipality, Jiaganj-Azimganj municipality and five community development blocks:Murshidabad-Jiaganj,Bhagawangola I,Bhagawangola II,Lalgola andNabagram.
Kandi subdivision consists ofKandi municipality and five community development blocks:Kandi,Khargram,Burwan,Bharatpur I andBharatpur II.
Jangipur subdivision consists ofJangipur municipality,Dhulian municipality and seven community development blocks:Raghunathganj I,Raghunathganj II,Suti I,Suti II,Samserganj,Sagardighi andFarakka.[17]
There are 26 police stations,[18] 26 development blocks, 8 municipalities, 254gram panchayats and 1937 villages in this district.[17][19]
As per order of theDelimitation Commission in respect of thedelimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is now divided into 22 assembly constituencies:[20]Farakka (AC #55),Samserganj (AC #56),Suti (AC #57),Jangipur (AC #58),Raghunathganj (AC #59),Sagardighi (AC #60),Lalgola (AC #61),Bhagabangola (AC #62),Raninagar (AC #63),Murshidabad (AC #64),Nabagram (AC #65),Khargram (AC#66),Burwan (AC#67),Kandi (AC#68),Bharatpur (AC#69),Rejinagar (AC#70),Beldanga (AC#71),Baharampur (AC#72),Hariharpara (AC#73),Naoda (AC#74),Domkal (AC#75) andJalangi (AC #76). Nabagram, Khargram and Burwan constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[20]
Farakka and Samserganj will be part of the newly formedMaldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency). Suti, Jangipur, Raghunathganj, Sagardighi, Lalgola, Nabagram and Khargram assembly segments will form the Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency).[20] Burwan, Kandi, Bharatpur, Rejinagar, Beldanga, Baharampur and Naoda constituencies will form the Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency). Bhagabangola, Raninagar, Murshidabad, Hariharpara, Domkal and Jalanagi will be part of the Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency), which will also contain the Karimpur assembly constituency from the Nadia district.[20]
Delimitation was made effective for all elections in the state of West Bengal that was to be held on or after 19 February 2008.[21]
The district was earlier divided into 19assembly constituencies (AC):[22]Farakka (AC #50),Aurangabad (AC #51),Suti (AC #52),Sagardighi (AC #53),Jangipur (AC #54),Lalgola (AC #55),Bhagabangola (AC #56),Nabagram (AC #57),Murshidabad (AC #58),Jalangi (AC #59),Domkal (AC#60),Naoda (AC#61),Hariharpara (AC#62),Berhampore (AC#63),Beldanga (AC#64),Kandi (AC#65),Khargram (AC#66),Barwan (AC#67) andBharatpur (AC#68). The constituencies of Sagardighi and Khargram are reserved forScheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[22]
Farakka, Aurangabad, Suti, Sagardihi, Jangipur, Nabagram and Khargram assembly segments formed theJangipur (Lok Sabha constituency).[22] Lalgola, Bhagabangola, Murshidabad, Jalangi, Hariharpara and Mayureswar constituencies were part of theMurshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contained the Karimpur assembly constituency from theNadia district.[22] Naoda, Berhampore, Beldanga, Kandi, Barwan and Bharatpur were part of theBerhampore (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contained the Ketugram assembly constituency from theBardhaman district.[22]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 1,323,479 | — |
| 1911 | 1,346,069 | +1.7% |
| 1921 | 1,225,095 | −9.0% |
| 1931 | 1,371,604 | +12.0% |
| 1941 | 1,640,530 | +19.6% |
| 1951 | 1,717,229 | +4.7% |
| 1961 | 2,291,863 | +33.5% |
| 1971 | 2,946,563 | +28.6% |
| 1981 | 3,697,552 | +25.5% |
| 1991 | 4,740,149 | +28.2% |
| 2001 | 5,866,569 | +23.8% |
| 2011 | 7,103,807 | +21.1% |
| Source: Census of India[23] | ||
According to the2011 census Murshidabad district has apopulation of 7,103,807,[6] roughly equal to the nation ofBulgaria[24] or the US state ofWashington.[25] This gives it a ranking of 9th in India (out of a total of640).[6] The district has a population density of 1,334 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,460/sq mi) .[6] Itspopulation growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.07%.[6] Murshidabad has asex ratio of 957females for 1000 every males,[6] and aliteracy rate of 67.53%. 19.72% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.63% and 1.28% of the population respectively.[6]
As of 2001[update] Indiacensus, Murshidabad district had a population of 5,863,717 with asex ratio of 952.[26] A 23.70% growth of population and an increase of sex ratio by nine were noted since the previous census of 1991.[26] The district has an area of 5,324 km2 (2,056 sq mi) and apopulation density of 1,101/km2 (2,850/sq mi) as per 2001 census data.[26] The following table summarises the population distribution:[26]
| Rural/Urban | Area | Persons | Males | Females | Population density | Sex ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 5,324 km2 (2,056 sq mi) | 3,015,422 | 1,546,633 | 1,468,789 | 1,101/km2 (2,850/sq mi) | 952 |
| Rural | 5,195.11 km2 (2,005.84 sq mi) | 2,757,002 | 1,414,097 | 1,342,905 | 988/km2 (2,560/sq mi) | 949 |
| Urban | 128.89 km2 (49.76 sq mi) | 258,420 | 132,536 | 125,884 | 5,682 km2 (2,194 sq mi) |
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islam | 66.27% | |||
| Hinduism | 33.21% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.52% | |||
| Religion | 1941[28]: 75 | 1951[29] | 1961[30] | 1971[31] | 2001[32] | 2011[27] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam | 927,747 | 56.55% | 947,815 | 55.24% | 1,279,256 | 55.86% | 1,656,406 | 56.33% | 3,735,380 | 63.67% | 4,707,573 | 66.27% |
Hinduism | 684,987 | 41.75% | 765,218 | 44.60% | 1,009,470 | 44.08% | 1,277,873 | 43.46% | 2,107,469 | 35.92% | 2,359,061 | 33.21% |
| Tribal religion | 26,138 | 1.59% | 441 | 0.03% | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Others[c] | 1,658 | 0.10% | 2,285 | 0.13% | 1,284 | 0.06% | 5,925 | 0.21% | 23,720 | 0.41% | 37,173 | 0.52% |
| Total Population | 1,640,530 | 100% | 1,715,759 | 100% | 2,290,010 | 100% | 2,940,204 | 100% | 5,866,569 | 100% | 7,103,807 | 100% |
The majority of people of the district, around 66.27%, areMuslims, who dominate rural areas. Muslims are most concentrated on the banks of the Padma along the Bangladesh border.Hindus form 33.21% of the population, and form a majority in urban areas.[27]
| CD Block | Muslim % | Hindu % | Others % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farakka | 67.15 | 32.23 | 0.62 |
| Samserganj | 83.48 | 16.38 | 0.14 |
| Suti I | 58.15 | 41.62 | 0.23 |
| Suti II | 72.53 | 27.22 | 0.25 |
| Raghunathganj I | 56.48 | 43.32 | 0.2 |
| Raghunathganj II | 81.97 | 17.87 | 0.16 |
| Lalgola | 80.25 | 19.50 | 0.25 |
| Sagardighi | 64.68 | 31.56 | 3.76 |
| Bhagawangola I | 85.67 | 14.19 | 0.14 |
| Bhagawangola II | 89.43 | 10.48 | 0.09 |
| Jalangi | 73.27 | 26.57 | 0.16 |
| Domkal | 89.69 | 10.16 | 0.15 |
| Raninagar I | 81.69 | 18.20 | 0.11 |
| Raninagar II | 80.78 | 19.03 | 0.19 |
| Murshidabad Jiaganj | 54.52 | 44.61 | 0.87 |
| Nabagram | 52.59 | 45.17 | 2.24 |
| Khargram | 54.22 | 45.53 | 0.25 |
| Kandi | 60.65 | 38.82 | 0.53 |
| Berhampore | 53.63 | 45.94 | 0.43 |
| Hariharpara | 80.70 | 19.04 | 0.26 |
| Nawda | 71.87 | 27.99 | 0.14 |
| Beldanga I | 78.25 | 21.4 | 0.35 |
| Beldanga II | 61.82 | 38.05 | 0.13 |
| Bharatpur I | 57.45 | 42.39 | 0.16 |
| Bharatpur II | 57.71 | 42.16 | 0.13 |
| Burwan | 43.06 | 56.76 | 0.18 |
| Area not under any sub-district | 33.98 | 65.24 | 0.78 |
Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by98.49% of the population.[33] The most spokenBengali dialect in the district is calledRarhi Bengali, which is more or less the same as spoken in other parts of South Bengal, with some occasional local accents. A regional dialect ofBengali language,Varendri Bengali (also known as Jangipuri or Maldaiya Bengali) is prevalent among the population ofJangipur subdivision of the district. Moreover, a variant ofHindi-Urdu language influenced byBengali,Khotta Bhasha is also spoken by a substantial amount of population in the northern regions (specially Farakka, Samserganj, Suti, Jangipur areas) of the district. Adivasi languages spoken in the district includeSantali andMalto.
The district, especially Murshidabad town is very important in Bengal's history. The place draws a good number of tourists every year.
TheHazarduari Palace, or the palace with a thousand doors is the chief tourist attraction of Murshidabad. This three-storey palace was built in 1837 by Duncan McLeod for the NawabNajim Humaun Jah, descendant of Mir Zafar. It has thousand doors (among which only 100 are real) and 114 rooms and 8 galleries, built in European architectural style. The total area of Hazarduari Palace is 41 acres (17 ha). It is now a museum and has a collection of armoury, splendid paintings, exhaustive portraits of the Nawabs, various works of art including works of ivory (Murshidabad school) of China (European) and many other valuables. The Armoury has 2700 arms in its collections of which only few are displayed. Swords used by Shiraj-ud-Daulla and his grandfather, NawabAlivardi Khan, can be seen here. The other attractions in this floor are Vintage Cars and Fittan Cars used by the Nawabs and their families.
Around the palace are other attractions like the Wasef Manzil (the New Palace) by the bank of the Ganges, Tripolia Gate, the Dakshin Darwaza, the Chak Darwaza, the Imambara, the Gharighar (the Clock Tower), the Bachchawali Tope (a canon) and the Madina, the only surviving structure built by Siraj-ud-Doula. The Bachchawali Tope (canon) was made between the 12th and the 14th century, probably by the Muslim rulers of Gaur.
The library containing rare collections is not accessible to the public unless special permission is obtained. The building, rectangular on plan (424 feet Long and 200 feet (61 m) broad and 80 feet (24 m) high). The Palace was used for holding the "Durbar" or meetings and other official work of the Nawabs and also as the residence of the high ranking British Officials.
Durga Puja, a five-day-long puja is the most important festival of the Hindus. Other pujas likeDiwali,Kali puja, andSaraswati Puja are also celebrated here.Eid-ul-Fitr andEid-ul-Adha (Bakri-eid, locally),Ashura are prominent Muslim festivities in this district.
Notable education institutions in Murshidabad include:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Murshidabad".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43.Bulgaria 7,093,635 July 2011 est.
Washington 6,724,540
Media from Commons
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from WikidataPlaces adjacent to Murshidabad district | |
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