Balbir Singh Sodhi | |
|---|---|
| ਬਲਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੋਢੀ | |
 | |
| Born | (1949-07-06)July 6, 1949 |
| Died | September 15, 2001(2001-09-15) (aged 52) Mesa, Arizona, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Entrepreneur, franchisee, computer engineer/analyst (formerly) |
Balbir Singh Sodhi (Punjabi:ਬਲਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੋਢੀ; July 6, 1949 – September 15, 2001),[1] aSikh-American entrepreneur andfranchisee inMesa, Arizona, was murdered in ahate crime in theaftermath of the September 11 attacks. This was the first of several cases across theUnited States that were reported to the police as supposed acts of retaliation for the attacks. Balbir Singh Sodhi, who had a beard and wore aturban in accordance with hisSikh faith, was mistakenly profiled as anArabMuslim and murdered by 42-year-old Frank Silva Roque (July 8, 1959 – May 11, 2022),[2] aBoeing aircraft mechanic at a local repair facility who held a criminal record for anattempted robbery inCalifornia. Roque had reportedly told friends that he was "going to go out and shoot some towel-heads" the day of the attacks.[3] Roque was sentenced to death (commuted later tolife imprisonment) forfirst degree murder. He died in prison on May 11, 2022.[4]
Born on July 6, 1949, inJalandhar,Punjab, India, Balbir Singh Sodhi was a member of theSikh religion. He was also a husband, and father to three sons and two daughters.[5][6] He immigrated to the United States in 1989 and initially resided inLos Angeles, working at a 7-Eleven store, then driving a taxi in San Francisco. He moved with his brother to Arizona, pooling their money and buying a gas station and convenience store inPhoenix, Arizona.[7] Sodhi's gas station had been running for just a year prior to his murder and in that time he had become known amongst the community as a generous and kind man who often gave free candy to children who came in.[8]
On September 11, 2001, members ofal-Qaeda, a militantIslamist group, hijacked four airplanes and perpetratedthe 9/11 attacks, killing 2,977 victims. According to family members, Sodhi had become distraught by the attacks.[9]
On September 15, 2001, four days after the attacks, Roque took hisChevrolet S-10 from the Wild Hare sports bar inMesa, where he had reportedly been ranting about immigrants, and drove to theChevron gas station owned by Sodhi. Roque shot Sodhi five times from his truck with a .380 handgun, killing him. At the time of the shooting, Sodhi was helping landscaper Luis Ledesma plant flowers around the edge of his gas station in order to commemorate the lives of those lost in the 9/11 attacks.[10] Roque, who apparently wanted revenge for the 9/11 attacks, racially profiled Sodhi as anArab Muslim because of the clothes he wore, histurban, and his beard.
Roque then drove to his former residence, which had been purchased by a local Afghan family, and fired multiple rounds at the outside of the house. Roque then drove to aMobil gas station ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away. Twenty minutes after the first shooting, he shot at aLebanese-American clerk from his truck, but missed.[7] After fleeing the scene of the final shooting, Roque was reported to have gone to a local bar and boasted, "They're investigating the murder of a turban-head down the street."[11][1]
Sodhi's murder was preceded by multiple hostile incidences in the Phoenix area, targeted at Sikhs in the days following the 9/11 attacks. A Sikh spokesperson stated that it was difficult for Sikhs in the community to go to work at gas stations or to work as cashiers because of the rise in overt harassment towards them.[6] This spokesperson also described how the appearance of Sikh men make them easy targets due to their beards andturbans which make Sikh men "look more likebin Laden thanMuslims do".[6]
After the 9/11 attacks, there was a lot of eagerness to retaliate against those who perpetrated the terror attacks, and members of the Sikh community, mainly men, became the targets of these retaliations. Sikhs became the victims of a multitude ofhate crimes such as murder,redundancy, threats, and the burning of their places of worship (Gurudwaras).[12]
Many Sikhs began experiencing acts of discrimination within their friendships and relationships that were formed prior to the terror attacks.[12] Their relationships became strained due to suspicion, with Sikh men being asked to cut their hair and to stop wearing their turbans in order to mitigate further suspicion.
Police arrested Roque the next day, initially unaware of the later shooting incidents. He reportedly shouted slogans including "I am a patriot!" and "I stand for America all the way!" during his arrest.[13] Hisbail was set at $1 million.
Roque'strial by jury began on August 18, 2003. Defense attorneys argued he was not guiltydue to insanity, claiming that he had a diminishedIQ and heard relentless voices telling him that Arabs were Satanic and must be killed. Two coworkers testified that Roque was "narrow-minded" and that he hated both immigrants and Arabs. Roque's defense attorney characterized him as mentally ill, and noted that his mother had twice been hospitalized forschizophrenia, a condition which has been shown to appear in those genetically predisposed to it.[14] On September 30, 2003, he was found guilty offirst degree murder, and wassentenced to death nine days later.[14]
On July 19, 2005, Roque was found guilty of an unspecified conspiracy charge while in prison, specified only as a violent crime. On February 27, 2006, he was found guilty of having manufactured a primitive weapon in prison three days earlier. In August 2006, the Arizona Supreme Court changed Roque's death sentence to a sentence of life in prison without parole, citing his low IQ andmental illness asmitigating factors.[15][16] The trial was aired byCourt TV in a five-part series.[17]
Roque died on May 11, 2022, while inArizona Department of Corrections custody.[4] He was 62 years old.[2]
On August 4, 2002, less than a year after Balbir's death, his younger brother Sukhpal was shot to death while driving his taxicab inSan Francisco, apparently killed by a stray bullet from a nearbygang fight. In response to this second tragedy, Balbir's son said, "What are you going to do with anger? We like peace and we are peaceful people."[18]
In the months prior to the 10-year anniversary of Sodhi's death, theArizona Legislature decided that it wanted to remove Sodhi's name and plaque from the state's 9/11 memorial. This wasvetoed by the governor after an outcry of advocacy from community groups in the area.[19]
