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Municipality

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Local government area

Amunicipality is usually a singleadministrative division havingcorporate status and powers ofself-government orjurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.

The termmunicipality may also mean the governing body of a given municipality.[1] A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to aspecial-purpose district.

TheEnglish word is derived fromFrenchmunicipalité, which in turn derives from theLatinmunicipalis,[2] based on the word forsocial contract (municipium), referring originally to the Latin communities that supplied Rome with troops in exchange for their own incorporation into the Roman state (grantingRoman citizenship to the inhabitants) while permitting the communities to retain their own local governments (a limited autonomy).

A municipality can be any politicaljurisdiction, from a sovereign state such as thePrincipality of Monaco, to a small village such asWest Hampton Dunes, New York.

The territory over which a municipality has jurisdiction may encompass:

Political powers

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ThePonce City Hall, in the city ofPonce, Puerto Rico, is the seat of the government for both the city and the surroundingbarrios making up the municipality.

Powers of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to thestate. Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations withincome tax,property tax, andcorporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. In someEuropean countries, such as Germany, municipalities have the constitutional right tosupply public services through municipally ownedpublic utility companies.[4]

Terms in various countries

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A map with five insular regions of different colors.
New York City's composite fiveboroughs are all counties containing historical municipalities.
  1.Manhattan
  2.Brooklyn
  3.Queens
  4.The Bronx
In 1898, all of the municipalities within the five boroughs were merged into one municipality, and the five counties became boroughs of the new New York City municipality. The five boroughs still have statuses as counties, through.
City ortown municipalities (red-colored) with other non-town municipalities inFinland (2020)
InNorway, both the first-level administrative divisions and the second-level administrative divisions are municipalities. Norway has 15 first-level municipalities (which are shown in this image). They're calledfylkeskommuner (county municipalities) and share borders with the country'scounties. They're further divided into 357 second-level municipalities calledprimærkommuner (primary municipalities) or justkommuner (municipalities).

Municipality

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Terms cognate with "municipality", mostly referring to territory or political structure,[clarification needed] are Spanishmunicipio (Spain) andmunicipalidad (Chile), Catalanmunicipi, Portuguesemunicípio.

  • InBrazil, amunicípio is the local government, recognized by the Brazilian Federal Constitution and established through state constitutions. It is the smallest territorial division holding executive and legislative powers. Since theConstitution of 1988, allmunicípios are members of the federation. Colloquially, the local population uses the termsmunicipality andcity interchangeably, although the constitution defines "city" as the seat of the municipality.[5]

Commune

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In many countries, terms cognate with "commune" are used, referring to the community living in the area and the common interest. These include terms:

The same terms "Gemeente" (Dutch) or "Gemeinde" (German) may be used for church congregations or parishes, for example, in the German and Dutch Protestant churches.

Other terms

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In Greece, the wordΔήμος (demos) is used, also meaning 'community'; the word is known in English from the compounddemocracy (rule of the people).

In some countries, the Spanish termayuntamiento, referring to a municipality's administration building, is extended viasynecdoche to denote the municipality itself.[6] InMoldova andRomania, bothmunicipalities (municipiu; urban administrative units) andcommunes (comună; rural units) exist, and a commune may be part of a municipality.[citation needed]

In many countries, comparable entities may exist with various names.

English-speaking

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  • InAustralia, the termlocal government area (LGA) is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the "LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia. Incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility."[7]
  • InCanada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, usually within general municipal statutes.[8][9] Types ofmunicipalities within Canada includecities,district municipalities,municipal districts, municipalities,parishes,rural municipalities,towns,townships,villages, andvilles among others.[9] The province ofOntario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers.[10] Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities.[10]Nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units.[11]
  • InIndia, a municipality (also known asmunicipal council) is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more (the criteria varies from state to state). However, there are exceptions to that, as previously municipalities were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000, so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as municipality were reclassified as municipality even if their population was under 100,000. it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of thedistrict it is located in. Generally, smaller district cities and bigger towns have a municipality. Municipalities are also a form of local self-government entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined in theConstitutional (74th Amendment) Act,1992.
  • In theUnited Kingdom, the term was used until theLocal Government Act 1972 came into effect in 1974 inEngland andWales, and until 1975 inScotland and 1976 inNorthern Ireland, "both for a city or town which is organized for self-government under a municipal corporation, and also for the governing body itself. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, and of superior members, as aldermen and councillors".[12] Since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as adistrict, and in Scotland as acouncil area. Adistrict may be awardedborough orcity status, or can retain itsdistrict title.
  • InJersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of regional government in this jurisdiction.
  • InTrinidad and Tobago, "municipality" is usually understood as a city, town, or other local government unit, formed by municipal charter from the state as a municipal corporation. A town may be awarded borough status and, later on, may be upgraded to city status.Chaguanas,San Fernando,Port of Spain,Arima andPoint Fortin are the 5 current municipalities in Trinidad and Tobago.
  • In theUnited States, "municipality" is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, formed by municipal charter from the state as a municipal corporation.[13] In a state law context, some U.S. state codes define "municipality" more widely, from the state itself to any political subdivisions given jurisdiction over an area that may include multiple populated places and unpopulated places[14][15] (see also:Local government in the United States#Municipal governments).

Chinese-speaking

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Municipalities by country

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CountryTermExampleSubdivision ofQuantityNotesFurther reading
BrazilmunicípioBlumenau,Cuiabá,Maceió,Porto Alegrea state (estado), which is part of a region (região)5,570A municipality usually is divided in the urban part, the city (cidade), and the rural part.List of municipalities of Brazil
CroatiaOpćinaFužine,Bosiljevo,Klana,KršanŽupanija (county in English)428A municipality usually has center village of same name. Exception: Vinodolska općina - center village: Bribir.Municipalities of Croatia
FinlandKuntaKeravaRegion338Municipalities of Finland
GreeceDeme /ΔήμοςAthens,Thessaloniki332A municipality usually is divided in Municipal Units and them into Communities.List of municipalities of Greece
Irelandbardas, contae orcomhairleBaile Átha Cliatha province (cúige) or a county (contae)31A municipality usually has authority of the whole county. In some cases however, authority is reduced to a subdivision of the county for highly populated regions, especially in Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath)Local governments in the Republic of Ireland
ItalymunicipioRignano Flaminioacomune which is part of a province (provincia) which is part of a region (regione).9 for Milan, 15 for RomeSolely used for subdivisions of largercomuni, especially in Rome;municipio indicates the city hall; in some case, they are joined in mountain communities (comunità montane)[16]Municipi of Rome,List of municipalities of Italy
Indiamunicipality (nagar palika, or nagar parishad in Hindi)It is an administrative unit that governs a specific urban area, such as a town or city. Municipalities are established under state legislation and operate under the framework of the relevant state municipal acts. Municipalities have their own elected bodies, which typically include a mayor or chairperson and councilors representing different wards or constituencies within the urban area.Municipal governance in India
Netherlandsmunicipality (gemeente)aprovince or specialmunicipality which doesn't fall under any province but directly under the central government.345It is the lowest administrative unit of the country that governs a specific area, such as a town or city. Municipalities fall under the Dutch Municipalities Act. It is governed by a directly elected municipal council, a municipal executive and a mayor.Municipal council (Netherlands)
Philippinesbayan,munisipyo ormunisipalidadJaniuayaprovince (lalawigan orprobinsya, except forPateros)1,488[17]A municipality is the official name for atown and is divided intobarangays. Municipalities with a larger population and income may become acity through acity charter.[18]Municipalities of the Philippines
PortugalmunicípioLisbon,Sintra,Vila Nova de Gaia18 districts and 2 autonomous regions (Azores andMadeira)308Usually a municipality is named after its largest or historically most important town or city. Municipalities are typically much larger than the city or town after which they are named.List of municipalities of Portugal
Puerto RicomunicipioArecibonone78municipality consists of an urban area (termed a city or town) plus all of its surroundingbarrios comprising the municipality. It has a popularly elected administration and a municipal mayor. The seat of the municipal government is located in such urban area and serves the entire municipal jurisdiction.[19][20]Municipalities of Puerto Rico
SwedenkommunStockholm Municipality,Gothenburg Municipality,Malmö Municipality,Ale Municipalityaregion (region), the 21 self-governing areas consisting of one or more municipalities)

acounty (län), subdivision of the national state into 21 areas administered byCounty administrative boards.

Regions and counties often follow the same geographical borders.		290According to theInstrument of Government, Swedish democracy is realised through a parliamentary form of government and through local selfgovernment. Municipalities are independent of the regions and counties in which they are located.[21][22]

Before 1971, municipalities were incorporated as either cities (stad), market towns (köping) or rural municipalities (landskommun). The city-label is still used for marketing purposes, but lacks legal status and cannot be used in formal governing documents.

Forresident andland registration purposes, Sweden is also divided in 2 523districts (distrikt), based on the historicChurch of Sweden parishes of 1999. The districts lack authority, governing body and agency.[23]		Municipalities of Sweden
  • In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ. When referring to the territory, the wordconcelho is used, when referring to theorgan of State, the wordmunicípio is used. This differentiation is in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but it is no longer in use in Brazil, wheremunicípio refers to the territorial boundaries andprefeitura is its administrative organ.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Municipality".Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^"municipality definition". Yourdictionary.com.
  3. ^"Santiago de Chile – Comunas". Mapas de Chile, Castor y Polux Ltda. Archived fromthe original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved24 August 2011.
  4. ^Andersen, Uwe."Gemeinden/Kommunale Selbstverwaltung | bpb".bpb.de (in German). Retrieved16 June 2020.
  5. ^"Constituição da república federativa do brasil de 1988".www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved18 September 2022.
  6. ^ASALE, RAE-; RAE."ayuntamiento | Diccionario de la lengua española".«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario (in Spanish). Retrieved23 January 2023.
  7. ^"Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC)".Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 September 2005.
  8. ^"Municipal Government".The Canadian Encyclopedia > Government > Government, General > Municipal Government. Historica Foundation of Canada. 2009.Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved17 July 2011.
  9. ^ab"Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names – From January 2, 2010 to January 1, 2011"(PDF).Statistics Canada. April 2011. Retrieved17 July 2011.
  10. ^ab"List of Ontario Municipalities".Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. 4 July 2011. Archived fromthe original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved17 July 2011.
  11. ^"Municipal Government Act"(PDF). Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly. 7 January 2010. Retrieved17 July 2011.
  12. ^"Municipality" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 7.
  13. ^"Legal Dictionary: Municipal Law".FindLaw.
  14. ^"2009 Nevada Code". Justia.
  15. ^"Kansas Statues". Lesterama. Archived fromthe original on 24 October 2014.
  16. ^The law provides for the possibility of overlapping of the office of President of the mountain community with that of mayor of one of the municipalities of the community:Buonomo, Giampiero (2001)."Compatibile il sindaco-dirigente della locale Comunità montana".Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online. Archived fromthe original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved18 March 2016.
  17. ^"National Summary –number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region – As of 30 June 2021".Philippine Statistics Authority. 30 June 2021. Retrieved26 January 2022.
  18. ^"Republic Act 7160 – Local Government Act of 1991".Official Gazette (Philippines). 11 October 1991. Retrieved2 October 2020.
  19. ^Ayuda: Divulgación de Resultados de la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones – Municipio.Archived 21 October 2011 at theWayback Machine Comision Estatal de Elecciones. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  20. ^Autonomous Municipalities Law.(in Spanish)Archived 5 December 2010 at theWayback Machine Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  21. ^"The Constitution".www.riksdagen.se. Sveriges Riksdag. 2023. Retrieved25 August 2023.
  22. ^"The Instrument of Government (1974:152)"(PDF).www.riksdagen.se. Sveriges Riksdag. 2018. Retrieved25 August 2023.All public power in Sweden proceeds from the people. Swedish democracy is founded on the free formation of opinion and on universal and equal suffrage. It is realised through a representative and parliamentary form of government and through local selfgovernment. Public power is exercised under the law.
  23. ^SFS 2015:493Archived 30 September 2018 at theWayback Machine, Svensk författningssamling:Förordning om distrikt.

External links

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Look upmunicipality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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