| Munia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chestnut-breasted muniaLonchura castaneothorax | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Estrildidae |
| Genus: | Lonchura Sykes, 1832 |
| Type species | |
| Fringilla nisoria =Loxia punctulata nisoria Temminck 1830 | |
| Species | |
See text | |
Lonchura is agenus of theestrildid finch family, and includesmunias (orminias) andmannikins. They are seed-eating birds that are found inSouth Asia fromIndia,Bangladesh,Sri Lanka east toIndonesia,Papua New Guinea, and thePhilippines. The namemannikin is from Middle Dutchmannekijn 'little man', and also the source of the common name of the familyPipridae,manakin.[1]
Some of theLonchura species were formerly placed inSpermestes. Others have been placed in a genus of their own,Euodice.
They are small gregarious birds which feed mainly on seeds, usually in relatively open habitats, preferring to feed on the ground or on reeds of grasses. Several species have been noted to feed on algae such asSpirogyra.[2][3]
The nest is a large domed grass structure into which four to ten white eggs are laid. Some species also buildcommunal roosting nests for overnight rest.
The species in this genus are similar in size and structure, with stubby bills, stocky bodies and long tails. Most are 10–12 cm in length. Plumage is usually a combination of browns, black and white, with the sexes similar, but duller and less contrasted for immature birds.
The similarities within this group and the existence of subspecies with differing vocalisations and plumage mean that some races may be elevated to species status.African andIndian silverbill are now usually considered distinct species in the GenusEuodice, and the two races ofblack-throated munia are often also split.
The munias are popular in the bird trade and many freed or escaped birds have formedferal colonies in different pockets across the world.
Thered muniaAmandava amandava andgreen muniaAmandava formosa also take the name munia, but are in the genusAmandava.
The genusLonchura was introduced by the English naturalistWilliam Henry Sykes in 1832.[4] The name combines theAncient Greeklonkhē meaning "spear-head" or "lance" withoura meaning "tail".[5] Sykes included three species in the genus and of these thetype species was designated asFringilla nisoriaTemminck 1830 byArend Wiegmann in 1835. This taxon is now asubspecies,Loxia punctulata nisoria, of thescaly-breasted munia.[6][7]
The genus contains 28 species:[7]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | Scaly-breasted munia also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch | Lonchura punctulata | Indian Subcontinent, including Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka |
 | Black-throated munia also known as Jerdon's mannikin | Lonchura kelaarti | southwest India, the Eastern Ghats and Sri Lanka |
_(cropped).jpg) | Black-faced munia | Lonchura molucca | Indonesia |
 | White-rumped munia | Lonchura striata | Indian subcontinent to southern China east to Taiwan, and through Southeast Asia south to Sumatra |
 | Dusky munia | Lonchura fuscans | Borneo |
| White-bellied munia | Lonchura leucogastra | Malay Peninsula to Philippines | |
 | Javan munia | Lonchura leucogastroides | Southern Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. Introduced in Singapore and south Malay Peninsula |
 | Tricolored munia | Lonchura malacca | southern India and Sri Lanka |
.jpg) | Chestnut munia | Lonchura atricapilla | Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Hawaii |
| White-capped munia | Lonchura ferruginosa | Java and Bali | |
.jpg) | White-headed munia | Lonchura maja | Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam |
.jpg) | Pale-headed munia | Lonchura pallida | Indonesia |
 | Great-billed mannikin | Lonchura grandis | northern and eastern New Guinea |
| Black-breasted mannikin | Lonchura teerinki | West Papua, Indonesia | |
| Western alpine mannikin | Lonchura montana | New Guinea | |
| Eastern alpine mannikin | Lonchura monticola | Papua | |
| Grey-banded mannikin | Lonchura vana | north-west Papua, Indonesia | |
| Grey-crowned mannikin | Lonchura nevermanni | southern New Guinea | |
.jpg) | Grey-headed mannikin | Lonchura caniceps | Papua |
| Hooded mannikin | Lonchura spectabilis | New Britain and New Guinea | |
| Forbes's mannikin | Lonchura forbesi | Papua New Guinea | |
 | Mottled mannikin | Lonchura hunsteini | New Ireland |
| New Hanover mannikin | Lonchura nigerrima | New Hannover | |
| Yellow-rumped mannikin | Lonchura flaviprymna | Northern Territory, Australia | |
| Five-colored munia | Lonchura quinticolor | Lesser Sunda Islands | |
 | Chestnut-breasted mannikin | Lonchura castaneothorax | Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. |
| Black mannikin | Lonchura stygia | New Guinea, Papua, Papua New Guinea | |
| Buff-bellied mannikin | Lonchura melaena | New Britain and Buka Island |
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