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Munchkin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fictional ethnic group from the Oz series by L. Frank Baum
For other uses, seeMunchkin (disambiguation).

Fictional character
The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition ofThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearanceThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created byL. Frank Baum

AMunchkin is a native of the fictionalMunchkin Country in theOz books byAmerican authorL. Frank Baum. Although a common fixture inGermanicfairy tales[citation needed], they are introduced tomodern audiences with the first appearance in the classic children's novelThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcomeDorothy Gale totheir city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in theLand of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Concept

[edit]

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition ofThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word "Munchkin".[1] Baum researcherBrian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to theMünchner Kindl, theemblem of theBavarian city ofMunich (spelledMünchen inGerman).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of amonk, looking down from thetown hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure onbeer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood.

It is also possible that "Munchkin" came from the German wordMännchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection toBaron Munchausen. This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageoustall tales based on his military career.[1][4] It is also possible that the name is related to Thumbkin, Bumpkin, etc., pet names given to fingers of the hand innursery rhymes.[1]

Like the other Oz terms, the word "Munchkin" ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Literature

[edit]

Oz Books by Frank Baum

[edit]

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

–L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two ofThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with theGood Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler theWicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man namedBoq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (namedNimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of theTin Woodman.[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The MunchkinJinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second bookThe Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow theScarecrow and take over theEmerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitledOzma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book,The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear inThe Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story.[5] Lastly, the MunchkinUnc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book,The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephewOjo successfully goes on a quest in search of anantidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

[edit]

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears inJohn R. Neill's first adaptation calledThe Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

[edit]

Early works (1902–1933)

[edit]

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbedThe Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around theirmaypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titledThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works.Ojo the Lucky andUnc Nunkie both appear in a film titledThe Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actressViolet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced byBaum.[9]

1939 film

[edit]
The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz. L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musicalThe Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name ofMunchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of theSinger Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors withdwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras[10] in order to make up the 124 characters requested byMGM.[11]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on theWicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through amusical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing aCertificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, theWicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow theyellow brick road to theEmerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

Star on theHollywood Walk of Fame

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview,Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by MunchkinMargaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".[12] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

[edit]

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM byLeo Singer, the proprietor ofSinger's Midgets.[13] ADaily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves.[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.[14] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created byPinto Colvig andBilly Bletcher[15] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back.[16]

In 1989, authorStephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book,The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised asThe Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin ManBuddy Ebsen.Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member,Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete asSocial Security records remainsparse prior to the mid-twentieth century.Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


ActorBornDiedPart(s) played
Gladys W. Allison[17]UnknownUnknownPlayed avillager
John Ballas[18]1903[19]UnknownPlayed a villager
Franz Balluch("Mike")[17]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Josefine Balluch[20]Unknown1984[21]Played a villager
John T. Bambury[18]1891[22]1960[22]Played asoldier
Charlie Becker1887[23]1968[23][24]Played "TheMayor of Munchkinland".[23][24]
Freda Betsky[17][25]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Henry Boers1896[26]UnknownPlayed a villager
Theodore Boers1894[26]1945[27]Played a villager
Christie BureshUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Eddie BureshUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Lida Buresh[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Mickey Carroll1919[28]2009[28]Played afiddler, atown crier, and a soldier
Casper"Colonel" Balsam[18]1904[29]1968[29]Played a villager
Nona A. Cooper[17]1875[30]1953[30]Played a villager
Thomas J. Cottonaro[17]1914[31]2001[31]Played a villager
Elizabeth Coulter[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Lewis Croft1919[32]2008[32]Played a soldier[32]
Frank Cucksey1919[33]1984[34]Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[a]
Billy Curtis1909[35]1988[35]Played theBraggart[b]
Eugene S. David Jr.UnknownUnknownPlayed a fiddler[36]
Eulie H. David1921[37]1972[37]Played a soldier[36]
Ethel W. Denis[18]1894[38]1968[39]Played a villager
Prince Denis[40]1900[39]1984[39]Played theSergeant-at-Arms[c]
Hazel I. Derthick1906[41]UnknownPlayed a villager
Daisy Earles1907[42]1980[43]Played a "munchkin maiden"[43]
Gracie Doll Earles1899[44]1970[43]Played a "munchkin maiden"[43]
Harry Doll Earles1902[42]1985[43]Blue member of The Lollipop Guild[43][45]
Tiny Doll Earles1914[43]2004[43]Played a "munchkin maiden"[43]
Major Doyle("James D. Doyle")[18]1869[46]1940[46]Played a villager
Ruth Robinson Duccini1918[47]2014[47]Played a villager
Carl M. Erickson[18]1917[48]1958[48]Played the 2ndTrumpeter
Fern Formica1925[49]UnknownPlayed a villager and a "sleepyhead"
Addie Eva Frank[50]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Thaisa L. Gardner[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Jakob"Jackie" Gerlich1925[d]1960[51]Red member of The Lollipop Guild
William A. Giblin1916[52]1985[52]Played a soldier[52]
Jack S. Glicken1900[53]1950[53]Played acity father
Carolyn E. Granger[18]1915[54]1973[54]Played a villager
Joseph Herbst[18]1908[37]Disputed[e]Played a soldier
Jakob Hofbauer1898[56]Unknown[f]Played a soldier[56]
Clarence C. Howerton("Major Mite")1913[57]1975[58]Played the 3rd Trumpeter[57]
Helen M. Hoy[18]1898[59]1945[59]Played a villager
Marguerite A. Hoy[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
James R. Hulse IV[18]1915[40]1964[40][60]Played a villager
Robert Kanter("Little Lord Robert")[17]1886[g]UnknownPlayed a soldier
Charles E. Kelley[17]UnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier
Jessie E. Kelley("Jessie Becker")[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Frank Kikel[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Bernard Klima("Harry")1897[33]1957[33][62]Played a villager
Mitzi Koestner[18]1894[63]1975[63]Played a villager
Emma Koestner[18]1900[63]1984[63]Played a villager
Willi Koestner[18]1908[63]1974[63]Played a soldier[64]
Adam Edwin Kozicki("Eddie Adams")[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a fiddler[65]
Joseph J. Koziel[18]1919[66]1967[66]Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[a]
Dolly F. Kramer[18]1904[26]1995[26]Played a villager
Emil Kranzler[18]1910[67]1993[67][68]Played a villager
Nita Krebs1905[33]1991[33][69]Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[69]
Jeane LaBarbera("Little Jean")1909[70]1993[70]Played a villager
Hilda Lange[18]1911[67]1975[67]Played a villager
John Leal("Johnny")[18]1905[71]1996[71]Played a villager
Ann Rice Leslie[18]1900[72]1973[72]Played a villager
Charles Ludwig[18]1889[73]1941[74]Played a villager
Dominick Magro[75]1909[76]1959[76]Played a villager
Carlos Manzo[18]1915[77]1955[77]Played a villager
Howard Marco[18]1884[78]UnknownPlayed a villager
Jerry Maren1920[79]2018[80]Green member of The Lollipop Guild
Bela Matina("Mike Rogers")[17][81]1902[82]1954[83]Played a villager
Lajos Matina("Leo Rogers")[17]1893[82]1975[82]Played a villager
Matyus Matina("Ike Rogers")[17][81]1902[82]1965[82]Played a villager
Walter M. B. Miller[18]1906[21]1987[21]Played a soldier and aflying monkey[21]
George Ministeri[18]1906[84]1986[84]Played thecoachman and a villager[84]
Harry Monty1904[85]1999[86]Played a villager and a flying monkey[86]
Yvonne Bistany Moray[17]UnknownUnknown[h]Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[21]
Johnny Maroldo("Johnny Winters")1905[87]1985[87]Played theCommander of the Navy[87]
MarieBernadet Maroldo("Marie Winters")1901[87]1979[87]Played a villager[87]
Olga C. Nardone1921[88]2010[88]Member of The Lullaby League, and a sleepyhead.[88]
Nels P. Nelson[18][89][i]1918[90]1994[90]Played a villager
Margaret C. Nickloy("Princess Marguerite")1902[91]1961[91]Played a villager
Franklin H. O'Baugh1922[92][93]1963[93]Played a soldier[93]
William H. O'Docharty[18]1920[84]1988[84]Played the coachfootman and a villager[84]
Hildred C. Olson[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Frank Packard[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Nicholas Page("Nicky")1904[21]1978[21]Played a soldier and a city father[10][21]
LeonaMegest Parks("Duchess Leona")1897[26]UnknownPlayed a villager
Margaret Williams Pellegrini1923[49][94]2013[94]Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin".[94]
Johnny Pizo[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Leon Polinsky("Prince Leon")[18][95]1918[96]1955[96]Played a villager
Lillian Porter[97]1917[98]1997[98]Played a villager
Meinhardt Raabe1915[99]2010[99]Played thecoroner[j]
Margaret Raia1928[k]2003[101]Played a villager[101]
Matthew RaiaUnknownUnknownPlayed a city father[101]
Friedrich Retter("Freddie")[18]1899[102]UnknownPlayed a fiddler and villager
Billy Rhodes("Little Billy")[103][104]1895[104]1967[104]Played thebarrister
Gertrude H. Rice[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Hazel Rice[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Sandor Roka[18][105]1896[106]1954[106]Played a villager
Jimmie Rosen1892[107]1973[107]Played a villager
Charles F."Wojnarski" Royal[18]1900[108]1947[108]Played a soldier
Helen J."Wojnarski" Royal[18]1897[108]1958[108]Played a villager
Stella A."Wojnarski" Royal1903[108]1959[108]Played a villager
Albert Ruddinger[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Elsie R. Schultz[18]1892[21]1987[21]Played a villager
Charles Silvern[18]Unknown1976[109]Played a villager
Garland Slatton("Earl")1917[26]1995[26]Played a soldier
Karl Slover[110]1918[111]2011[111]Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, and a villager[111]
Ruth E. Smith[18]Unknown1985[14]Played a villager
Elmer Spangler[18]1910[112]UnknownPlayed a villager
Pernell St. Aubin1922[33]1987[33][113]Played a soldier[33]
Carl Stephan[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Alta M. Stevens[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[114]
George Suchsie[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Charlotte V. Sullivan[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Clarence Swensen1917[115]2009[116]Played a soldier[117]
Betty Tanner[118]Unknown1994[119]Played a villager
Arnold Vierling1919[120]1949[120]Played a villager
Gus Wayne1920[121]1998[121]Played a soldier[121]
Victor Wetter1902[122][123]1990[122][123]Played theCaptain of the Army[10][122][123]
Grace G. Williams[18]UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager
Harvey B. Williams[18][124]UnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier
Gladys V. Wolff[18]1911[40]1984[40]Played a villager
Murray Wood[18]1908[125]1999[125]Played a city father

Child actresses

[edit]

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.[126] The names used for the women aremaiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2025[update], two "child munchkins" are known to be living.

ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno")19312023Munchkin hatchling[127][128][129][130][131][132]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark1929LivingMunchkin Child[128][129][133]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway")19332008Background fill[134][135]
Joan Kenmore19312022Background fill[127][128][129][126][136]
Eva Lee Kuney19342015Background fill[17][137][138]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury")19301991unknown[139][140]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk")19302025Background fill[126][129][141][142]
Valerie Lee Shepard[l]1931LivingBackground fill[10][126][129][143]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd19302022Background fill[127][128][129][144]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors")19322005Background fill[145][146]
Viola White ("Banks")19312000Background fill[10]

Later works (1940–1989)

[edit]

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[147] Twenty-seven years later an animated film calledThe Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuringJinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

[edit]
See also:Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz
  • The Munchkins appeared inThe Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
  • The Munchkins appear at the end ofReturn to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating theNome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
  • InThe Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the "Mayor of Munchkinland") and his fellow rats, allowing them to also pull double duty as the Field Mice that rescue Dorothy from the poppies. (2005)
  • InStrawberry Shortcake, more specifically the 2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode called Berry Brick Road that involves a story where Strawberry Shortcake gets whisked from her home. When she lands, she is greeted by three Munchkins that call themselves the Berrykins (after a feylike being from the 1980s cartoon), were tormented by the Wicked Witch of the West, thank Strawberry Shortcake for knocking out the Wicked Witch of the West (which she only did by landing nearby) and pressure her into stealing the latter's magic slippers (which she later uses to return to her home) as a reward. She later returns to Oz to teach the trio a lesson about caring for the environment. The Berrykins do not sing as much as their people had in the original version, and they and the other Munchkins look very small; however, the Berrykins specifically look just like Blueberry Muffin, Rainbow Sherbet, and Lemon Meringue. (2007)
  • The Munchkins appeared inDorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
  • The Munchkins appear inOz the Great and Powerful. They alongside theQuadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
  • The Munchkins appear in more than one skit onMad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
  • The Munchkins appear in the television seriesOnce Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in theEnchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also,Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to theSeven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
  • The Munchkins appear inDorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the "Mayor of Munchkinland" voiced byBill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced bySteven Blum andJessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.
  • The Munchkins appear as a culture of farmers inWicked. DirectorJon M. Chu decided to cast people closer to the book's original description being about as tall as Dorothy, rather than the 1939 film's cast of much shorter Munchkins. The main Munchkin character in this story, Boq Woodsman, is played byEthan Slater who stands at 5'7". Chu also chose to focus more on their culture than their physical appearance.

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^abFrank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank).[16]
  2. ^The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
  3. ^It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.[21]
  4. ^Although often disputed as 1917 or 1925, Gerlich was born Leo Fuks in 1925, but used the passport of his older brother, Jakob Gerlich (born 1917) in order to emigrate to the U.S. at age thirteen; he continued using his older brother's name post-Oz.
  5. ^According to Stephen Cox, Herbst was born in Birkfeld Austria on April 19, 1908 and died on July 6, 1993 in Joliet, Illinois.[37] However this contradicts claims made by Joseph Herbst's cousin who claimed he died in 1989 and was in his "late 80s" in 1988.[55]
  6. ^According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.[56]
  7. ^There is a source that mentions Robert Kanter aka "Little Lord Robert" signing a postcard in 1908 when he was 22 years old. This means he was born in 1886 at the latest.[61]
  8. ^According to friends, Yvonne died sometime in the 1970s.[21]
  9. ^Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins".[89]
  10. ^Raabe certifies the death of theWicked Witch of the East.[99]
  11. ^During production,MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage (child actresses were hired for background fill). She was subsequently expelled from the set halfway through filming.[100]
  12. ^Also known as "Lois Valerie Shepard".[143]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeLyman Frank Baum;Martin Gardner (2000).The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 39. Retrieved20 July 2018.
  2. ^Corinna Erhard:Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard:München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011,ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
  3. ^Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion,"Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
  4. ^Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome".Perspectives in Biology and Medicine.49 (2):250–62.doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024.PMID 16702708.S2CID 12418075.
  5. ^abJack Snow,Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
  6. ^Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone.The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
  7. ^"Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". 27 July 1902. Retrieved19 January 2015.
  8. ^Mark Evan Swartz (2002).Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-7092-7. Retrieved1 July 2018.
  9. ^Matthew Freeman (3 November 2016).Historicising Transmedia Storytelling: Early Twentieth-Century Transmedia Story Worlds. Routledge. p. 88.ISBN 978-1-315-43950-1.
  10. ^abcdef"Wizard of Oz Notes".Turner Classic Movies. Archived fromthe original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved24 April 2017.
  11. ^Yours Retro magazine; Summer 2024; Issue No. 78; page 40
  12. ^"Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'".Los Angeles Times. 8 August 2013. Archived fromthe original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved21 April 2017.
  13. ^Harmetz, Aljean (2013).The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago:Chicago Review Press. p. 193.ISBN 978-1-61374-832-9.
  14. ^ab"IOWA'S MUNCHKIN: Paullin Sets The Record Straight".whotv.com. 10 April 2013. Archived fromthe original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved7 July 2017.
  15. ^"MichaelBarrier.com -- Funnyworld Revisited: Billy Bletcher". 7 June 2023. Archived fromthe original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved18 February 2024.
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Works cited

[edit]

External links

[edit]
  • The dictionary definition ofmunchkin at Wiktionary
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