The nameMumbai (Marathi:मुंबई) originated fromMumbā orMahā-Ambā—the name of the patron Hindu goddess (Kula Devata)Mumbadevi of the nativeKoli community[40]—and fromā'ī, meaning "mother" inMarathi.[24][41] By some accounts, the Koli community ofKathiawar andCentral Gujarat introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar, where her worship continues to this day.[25][26] However, other sources disagree.[26]
TheMumba Devi Temple, from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.
The oldest known names for the city areKakamuchee andGalajunkja; these are sometimes still used.[42][43] Portuguese writerGaspar Correia recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in hisLendas da Índia (Legends of India).[44][45] SomeAnglophone authors have suggested this came from a supposedGalician–Portuguese phrasebom baim, "good little bay",[46] with no scientific basis.[47][b] In 1516, Portuguese explorerDuarte Barbosa used the nameTana-Maiambu:Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town ofThane andMaiambu toMumbadevi.[48] The formBombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese.[49] Many variant names were recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries.[c] After theEnglish gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name wasanglicised toBombay.[52] Ali Muhammad Khan, imperialdewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in theMirat-i Ahmedi (1762) called the cityManbai.[53]
The French travellerLouis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, stated in 1877 that "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne baie", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, orMumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple".[54] British officer and scholarJohn Briggs concurred that the name Bombay was a corruption of "Mumby", for a temple to Mumba Devi.[55]
By the late 20th century, the city was calledMumbai orMambai in Marathi,Konkani,Gujarati,Kannada andSindhi, andBambai inHindi.[56] The Government of India officially changed the English name toMumbai in November 1995.[57] This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalistShiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirroredsimilar name changes across India.[58] Shiv Sena argued that the name 'Bombay' echoed British colonial rule.[59][60] While Mumbai is still called Bombay by some residents and by some Indians from other regions,[61][62] mention of the city by a name other thanMumbai has become controversial.[63][64]
People from Mumbai
A resident of Mumbai is calledMumbaikar (pronounced[ˈmumbəikəɾ]) inMarathi, in which the suffix-kar means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time, but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.[65] Older terms such asBombayite are used infrequently.[66][67]
TheKanheri Caves contain Buddhist artworks from the 1st to the 10th century CE.
In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of theMaurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperorAshoka.[72] TheKanheri Caves inBorivali were excavated in the first century CE,[73] and served as a centre of Buddhism in Western India.[74] The city was known asHeptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographerPtolemy in 150 CE.[75] TheMahakali Caves inAndheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.[76][77]
King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital inMahikawati (present dayMahim).[86] ThePathare Prabhus, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought toMahikawati fromSaurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[87] TheDelhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors ofGujarat, appointed by theDelhi Sultanate.[88][89] The islands were later governed by the independentGujarat Sultanate, established in 1407. As a result, numerous mosques were built, including theHaji Ali Dargah inWorli. Erected in 1431, the structure pays homage to the Muslim saint, Haji Ali.[90] From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and theBahmani Sultanate of Deccan.[91][92] In 1493,Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.[93]
In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters fromSurat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of theBombay Presidency.[109][110] The islands again suffered incursions fromYakut Khan in 1689–90.[111] The Portuguese presence ended when theMarathas underPeshwaBaji Rao I capturedSalsette in 1737, andBassein in 1739.[112]By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai expanded into a major trading town, receiving a huge influx of migrants from across India.[113] The British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With theTreaty of Surat (1775), the British gained control ofSalsette and Bassein, resulting in theFirst Anglo-Maratha War.[114] The British secured Salsette from the Marathas through theTreaty of Purandar (1776),[115] and later through theTreaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.[116]
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects to merge theseven islands of Bombay into one by means of acauseway, theHornby Vellard, completed by 1784.[28][117] In 1817, the British East India Company underMountstuart Elphinstone defeatedBaji Rao II, the last of the MarathaPeshwa in theBattle of Khadki.[118] This brought almost the whole of theDeccan Plateau under British suzerainty and the Bombay Presidency. The success of the campaign marked the end of attacks by native powers.[119]
On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town ofThana (now Thane).[120] During theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in an economic boom.[121]
After India's independence in 1947, theBombay Presidency was restructured intoBombay State. The area increased when several erstwhile princely states were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.[127] In April 1950, municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging theMumbai suburban district andMumbai City to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.[128]
Following protests in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[131]Gujarati-speaking areas were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[132] Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger ofMarathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts fromCentral Provinces and Berar, five districts fromHyderabad State, and numerous princely states.[133] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed asHutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.[134]
TheJawaharlal Nehru Port, which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek atNhava Sheva to de-congestMumbai Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[141] The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with its municipal limits. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely,Mumbai City andMumbai Suburban, though they continued to be administered by the same Municipal Administration.[142]
Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and a global financial hub.[148] It is the home of India's main financial services companies and a focus for infrastructure development and private investment.[149] It has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[150]
Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula between theArabian Sea,Thane Creek, andVasai Creek. Its suburban district occupies most of the island.Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek, andThane is north of Vasai Creek. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions:Mumbai City district andMumbai Suburban district, separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[151] The city district-region is commonly called the "Island City" orSouth Mumbai.[35] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 square kilometres (233.0 sq mi).[152] TheMumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions ofThane,Palghar andRaigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 square kilometres (1,681 sq mi).[8]
Mumbai lies at the mouth of theUlhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as theKonkan. It sits onSalsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with theThane district.[153] Mumbai is bounded by theArabian Sea to the west.[154] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft).[155] The city has an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft).[156] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[157] and the highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,480 ft) at Salsette in thePowai–Kanheri ranges.[158] TheSanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is situated partly in theMumbai suburban district and partly in the Thane district, covering an area of 103.09 square kilometres (39.80 sq mi).[159]
Apart from theBhatsa Dam, six major lakes supply water to the city:Vihar Lake,Lower Vaitarna,Upper Vaitarna,Tulsi Lake,Tansa, andPowai Lake. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located within the city's limits in Borivali National Park. The supply from Powai Lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.[160] The coastline is indented withcreeks and bays, stretching from theThane creek in the east to Madh Marve on the western front.[161] The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with biodiversemangroveswamps, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[162]
Average precipitation and temperature in MumbaiMumbai duringmonsoon rains
Mumbai has an extremetropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under theKöppen climate classification. However, the central and northern suburbs experience atropical monsoon climate (Am) with heavier rainfall during the wet season. Mumbai has a nearly rainless stretch from October to May, with its most intense rainfall during July.[169] A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to the end of September constitutes thesouthwest monsoon season.[170]
The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954.[171] Themost rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on26 July 2005.[172] The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs.[171]
The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annualprecipitation is 2,213 mm (87 in).[173] In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 °C (84 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F), and the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F).[171] The record high is 42.2 °C (108 °F) set on 14 April 1952,[174] and the record low was 7.4 °C (45 °F), set on 27 January 1962.[174][175]
Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worstcyclone to strike the city was on 23 November 1948, with gusts reaching 151 km/h (94 mph) inJuhu, resulting in 38 deaths and 47 people missing.[176][177][178]
Mumbai, sometimes described as the "New York City ofIndia",[33] is the country's most populous city and its financial and commercial capital, generating 6.16% of the total GDP.[35][148][201] It generates 19.8% of the GDP of Maharashtra (34.4% if theThane district is included).[202] It serves as an economic hub of India: as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% ofincome tax collections, 60% ofcustoms duty collections, 20% of centralexcise tax collections, 40% offoreign trade, and₹40billion (equivalent to₹130 billion or US$1.5 billion in 2023) incorporate taxes.[203] Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since theliberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties, and theinformation technology, export, services, and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.[204]
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills andseaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to includefinance,engineering, diamond-polishing,healthcare, and information technology.[208]The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT andITES, textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment.Nariman Point andBandra Kurla Complex (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.[207]
State and central government employees comprise much of the city's workforce. Mumbai has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and otherblue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established:Mumbai Port is one of India's oldest and most significant ports.[209]Dharavi, in central Mumbai, has a large recycling industry, processing the city's recyclable waste; the district has some 15,000 single-room factories.[210]
Dharavi is a slum in Mumbai. It is considered one of the largest slums in the world.
Mumbai is one of the world’s most unequal cities, where extreme wealth and deep poverty exist side by side.[216] 41.8% of the city's population live in urban slums, though slums occupy just around 7% of the city's total land area.[217][218] It suffers from poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often endure cramped housing, far from workplaces, with long commutes on crowded mass transits or roads clogged with traffic. Many live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend a significant amount of time commuting southward to the central commercial district.[219] Mumbai's overall per capita residential area is 8.3 square metres, and in the city's slums, it is 2.73 square metres.[218]
According to theWorld Bank in 2010, the median income was ₹20,000 while the average was ₹40,000.[220] By 2019, the overall average salary in Mumbai was ₹45,000. Meanwhile, the median rental cost of a one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper is around ₹30,000. Much of the city's population lives paycheck to paycheck.[221]
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km2 (233 mi2),[222] consisting of theMumbai City andMumbai Suburban districts, extends fromColaba in the south, toMulund andDahisar in the north, andMankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.[223]
It is administered by theBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (sometimes referred to as theMunicipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai), formerly known as theBombay Municipal Corporation (BMC).[154] BMC is the richest civic body in India and among the wealthiest in Asia[224].TheBMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.[225] The mayor, who serves for a term of2+1⁄2 years, is chosen through anindirect election by the councillors from among themselves.[226]
The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in themunicipal commissioner, who is anIndian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by thestate government. The commissioner is responsible for executing policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.[227]
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014, scoring 3.5 out of 10, compared to the national average of 3.3.[228]
Mumbai is the seat of theBombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra andGoa, and theUnion Territory ofDadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[233] Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Court of Small Causes for civil matters, and theSessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.[234]
Municipal finance
According to audited and provisional financial statements published on the CityFinance Portal,[235] the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai reported total revenue receipts of ₹378.9 billion (US$4,600 million) and total expenditure of ₹338.3 billion (US$4,100 million) for the financial year 2022–23. The municipal corporation’s revenue comprises a mix of own-source revenues, such as property tax, fees, and user charges, along with assigned revenues and grants from the central and state governments, as reported in the CityFinance database.
Composition of Revenue Receipts, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (FY 2022–23)[236]
Own source revenue (63.3%)
Assigned revenue (0.10%)
Revenue grants (31.8%)
Other receipts (4.80%)
All figures are in crore rupees (₹ Cr)
Year
Total Tax Revenue
Total Own Revenue
Assigned Revenue
Total Grant
Total Revenue
Total Expenditure
Total balance Sheet size
2022–23
6,471
23,988
30.76
12,031
37,891
33,825
2,00,305
2021–22
6,892
35,373
19.66
11,182
48,110
41,106
1,90,115
2020–21
5,808
18,072
10,588.97
629
31,012
27,610
1,66,673
2019–20
5,473
17,607
–
386
29,821
26,912
1,58,241
2017–18
7,222
19,479
–
6,203
27,764
22,488
1,35,289
2016–17
12,055
24,390
–
365
26,776
21,236
1,22,241
2015–16
11,519
24,774
–
433
27,107
20,483
1,09,632
Source: Data submitted by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and published under theBalance Sheet andIncome Statement sections on the CityFinance portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[236]
Mumbai was the birthplace of theIndian National Congress (the Congress Party).[237] Its first session was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.[238] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and was a base for theIndian independence movement during the 20th century.[239]
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics, with the formation of theShiv Sena on 19 June 1966, under the leadership ofBal Thackeray out of resentment about the marginalisation ofMarathi people in Mumbai.[240] Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to a larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands withBhartiya Janata Party that year.[241] The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 municipal elections.[242]
In theMaharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.[247][248] Amember of the legislative assembly to the MaharashtraVidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the2024 state assembly election, out of the 36 constituencies, 15 were won by the BJP, 6 by the Shiv Sena (Shinde), 10 by SS (UBT), 3 by the Congress, 1 by the NCP and one by an independent.[249]
Elections are held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.[250] The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the24 municipal wards, five nominated Councillors with knowledge of municipal administration, and a ceremonialmayor.[251][252][253] In the2026 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the BJP-Shiv Sena alliance secured 118 seats, with the BJP alone winning 89.[254] The tenure of themayor, deputy mayor, andmunicipal commissioner is2+1⁄2 years.[255]
TheMumbai Suburban Railway, colloquially referred to as "Locals", forms the backbone of the city's transport system.[259] It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of theIndian Railways.[260] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried 6.3 million passengers every day in 2007.[261] Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[262] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres (198 mi). 191 rakes (train-sets) of 12 car and 15 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.[263]
TheMumbai Monorail andMumbai Metro are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.[264] Thefirst line of the Mumbai Metro opened in June 2014.[265]
TheMumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
TheMumbai Metro provides connectivity with eastern, western and northern part of the city.
BEST buses carry a total of 3.3 million passengers daily.
Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008,[256] dropping to 2.8 million in 2015.[268] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts ofNavi Mumbai,Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[269] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses,[270] ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[256] over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned andEuro III compliant diesel,compressed natural gas, andelectric buses fitted with CCTV cameras.[271][272] BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.[273] BEST buses are red, based originally on London'sRoutemaster buses.[274]Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation[275] buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.[276][277] TheNavi Mumbai Municipal Transport andThane Municipal Transport operate buses in Mumbai, connecting nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.[278][279]
Buses are favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while trains are more economical for longer distance commutes.[280]
TheMumbai Darshan tourist bus service serves numeroustourist attractions in the city.[281] Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.[282] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai continues to struggle withtraffic congestion.[283] Its transport system is one of the most congested in the world.[284]
Water
Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by government agencies and private partners.[285]Hovercraft services plied briefly in the late 1990s between theGateway of India andCBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai. They were scrapped due to lack of adequateinfrastructure and opposition from the local fishermen sometimes anchored their boats in the hovercraft’s route, disrupting it's operations.[286]
Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,[294] 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005[update],[295] and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.[296]
Mumbai currently has one operational expressway – the Mumbai–Pune Expressway – which directly connects Mumbai withPune. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
TheChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[306] It handled 52.8 million passengers in the Financial Year 2024, an increase of 16 per cent in passenger traffic over the previous Financial Year.[307] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually[308] and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.[309]
TheNavi Mumbai International airport, built in theUlwe suburb inRaigad district, will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[310] The Navi Mumbai International Airport was inaugurated on 8 October 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and flight operations began on 25 December 2025.[311] Upon opening of the Navi Mumbai airport, Mumbai became the first city in India to have 2 operational airports.
Mumbai is served by two major ports,Mumbai Port andJawaharlal Nehru Port, which lies just across the creek inNavi Mumbai.[313] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.[314] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.[315] It handles around 50% of the country's total containerised cargo.[316] Ferries fromFerry Wharf inMazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[317]
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. TheMCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[318][319] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.[320] The water is filtered atBhandup,[320] which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.[321][322][323] India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.[324][325]
About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[326] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 tonnes (7,700 long tons; 8,600 short tons), of which 40 tonnes (39 long tons; 44 short tons) isplastic waste,[327] is transported to dumping grounds inGorai in the northwest,Mulund in the northeast, and to theDeonar dumping ground in the east.[328] Sewage treatment is carried out atWorli andBandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[329]
The largest telephone service provider is the state-ownedMTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobileWLL services.[336] Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers areVodafone India,Bharti Airtel, MTNL, andReliance Jio. BothGSM andCDMA services are available in the city.[337] Mumbai, along with the area served bytelephone exchanges inNavi Mumbai andKalyan is classified as aMetro telecom circle.[338] Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. As of 2014[update], Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users.[339]
According to the2011 census, the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 inhabitants per square kilometre (53,050/sq mi). The living space is 4.5 square metres (48 sq ft) per person.[341]Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.[10] Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of theMCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in theMumbai Metropolitan Region is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 38.5% of the region.[342][343]
Thesex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[344]
Dharavi, Asia's second largestslum (ifKarachi'sOrangi Town is counted as a single slum)[345] is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people[346] in 2.39 km2 (0.92 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth[347] with a population density of at least 334,728 inhabitants per square kilometre (866,940/sq mi).[348]
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[349]
The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.[350] According to the 2016 report of theCentral Pollution Control Board, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead ofLucknow,Hyderabad andDelhi.[351]
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 includeHindus (65.99%),Muslims (20.65%),Buddhists (4.85%),Jains (4.10%),Christians (3.27%) andSikhs (0.49%).[353][354][355] The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are:Maharashtrians (32%),Gujaratis (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.[356]
Marathi is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along withEnglish. Sixteen majorlanguages of India are spoken in Mumbai, the most common beingMarathi and its dialectEast Indian. Marathi is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.[367] Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers.Urdu andGujarati are spoken by 11.73% and 11.45% respectively.[363][368][367] English is the principal language of the city'swhite collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known asBombay Hindi is spoken on the streets.[369]
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by theMCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.[370] Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.[371]
The primary education system of the MCGM is urban Asia's largest. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools teaching 485,531 students in eight languages (Marathi,Hindi,Gujarati,Urdu,English,Tamil,Telugu andKannada). The MCGM has 55,576 students in its 49 secondary schools.[372]
Higher education
Under the10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then two years injunior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[373] This is followed by either a general degree course, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[374] Most colleges are affiliated with theUniversity of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world by number of graduates.[375]
TheUniversity of Mumbai is one of the premier[376] universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America'sBusiness Insider in 2012, and was the only university in the list from the five emergingBRICS nations.[377] Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India byIndia Today in 2013[378] and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013.[379][380] QS ranked it 10th among the top Universities of India in 2013.[380] With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, QS ranked it India's 3rd bestmultidisciplinary University.[380]
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. Many cultures, religions, and cuisines coexist in the city, producing varied restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums.[394]
Mumbai is the birthplace ofIndian cinema.[395][396] It has many cinemas that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. TheMumbai International Film Festival[397] and the award ceremony of theFilmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[398] Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during theBritish Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.[399][400]
View ofParshuram Mandir from the Banganga tank in the Walkeshwar area of Malabar Hill in South Mumbai
The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on theElephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[406][409] Public holidays specific to the city and the state includeMaharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[410][411] andGudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day forMarathi people.
Beaches are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai areGirgaum Chowpatty,Juhu Beach, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach,Marve Beach, Versova Beach, Madh Beach,Aksa Beach andManori Beach.[412] Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.[413] Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,[414] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[415]Adlabs Imagica opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off theMumbai-Pune Expressway.[416]
The architecture of the city is a blend ofGothic Revival,Indo-Saracenic,Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as theVictoria Terminus andUniversity of Mumbai, were built in Gothic Revival style.[417] Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[418] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as theGateway of India.[419] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found alongMarine Drive and west of theOval Maidan. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world afterMiami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number ofskyscrapers in India, with 956 existingskyscrapers and 272 under construction as of 2009[update].The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has threeUNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, theElephanta Caves and theVictorian and Art Deco Ensemble.[420] In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.[421] In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m (330 ft), compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.[422][421]
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a lull in construction from the mid-1990s, after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration since 2000, when theLower Parel area began developing.[423] Mumbai, with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities.[424]Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.[425] As of June 2023, Mumbai has a total of around 250 tall buildings out of which more than 100 are completed, and more than 90 were under construction.[426]
Street food of Mumbai is the food sold by hawkers from portable market stalls in Mumbai. Although street food is common all over India, Mumbai is known for their street food and it's a strong characteristic of the city.[427][428] It has this reputation because people from alleconomic classes eat on the roadside almost round the clock, and it is sometimes felt that the taste of street food is better than that of restaurants in the city.[429][430][431] People of Mumbai, cutting across barriers of class, religion, gender, and ethnicity, are passionate about street food.[432] Street food vendors are credited by some for developing the city'sfood culture.[433] Street food in Mumbai is relatively inexpensive as compared to restaurants, and vendors tend to be clustered around crowded areas such as colleges and railway stations.[429]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[434] The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay andHollywood.[435] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.[436] Studios in Goregaon, includingFilm City, are the location for most movie sets.[437]
The metropolis is the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications. The national television broadcaster,Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.[443][444] Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai includeDish TV andTata Sky.[445]
^This statistic is based on an article fromThe Economic Times.[23] However, according to the Hurun Research Institute, Forbes says thatHong Kong has the most billionaires in Asia, while the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 states that Beijing has the most number of Asian billionaires.
^Portuguese linguistJosé Pedro Machado attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.[47]
^16th and 17th century names includedMombayn (1525),Bombay (1538),Bombain (1552),Bombaym (1552),Monbaym (1554),Mombaim (1563),Mombaym (1644),Bambaye (1666),Bombaiim (1666),Bombeye (1676),Boon Bay (1690)[49][50] andBon Bahia.[51]
^abMunshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954).Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852.Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xix.The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
^abcMehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym".Journal of the Oriental Institute:138–140.The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
^Rousselet, Louis (1877).L'Inde des Rajahs. Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris. p. 7. Retrieved11 October 2017.
^History of the Rise of Mahomedan Power in India- Vol 4 – John Briggs (1829) Pg. 17 Footnote 21. "Bombay. The island seems at the time to have consisted of two parts; the one denominated Mahim, from the village of that name in the N.E. corner and the other Mumby from an idol to which a temple is still dedicated, as is known by the appellation of Mumbydevy, or the Goddess Mumby, which by Europeans has been corrupted into Bombay. The separation of the two islands would be again complete, if the dam called Breach Candy were removed, which keeps out the sea on the west face of the island."
^"2. Mumbai City Profile"(PDF).GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. p. 7. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved19 July 2015.
^Ray, Himanshu Prabha (June 1994). "Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India".World Archaeology.26 (1):35–46.doi:10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259.
^Maharashtra (India) (1986).Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Vol. 24 (1 ed.). Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 596.Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
^Parry, Eric (2015)."1: Pavement".Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place. John Wiley & Sons. p. 44.ISBN978-1-118-94673-2.Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved21 June 2015.
^Kincaid, Charles Augustus; Pārasanīsa, Dattātraya Baḷavanta (1922).A History of the Maratha People. H. Milford, Oxford University Press.Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved14 August 2020.
^"Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor".The Economic Times. Mumbai. 9 September 2014. Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved5 July 2015.... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...
^"Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai".Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Archived fromthe original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved12 May 2009.As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world
^abGhose, Anindita (24 August 2005)."What's Mumbai without the black beetles?".Daily News and Analysis (DNA).Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved29 August 2009.In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.
^"Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities"(PDF).Ministry of Railways. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 May 2011. Retrieved28 August 2009.The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.
^Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."
^Chittar 1973, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."
^"Laudable Achievement of JNPT" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 7 January 2003.Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved29 August 2009.
^Sonawane, Rakshit (13 May 2007)."Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push".Daily News and Analysis. Archived fromthe original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved27 August 2009.While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports.
^Dasgupta, Devraj (26 April 2007)."Stay in island city, do biz".The Times of India.Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved13 June 2009.
^"Details of service area"(Word Document). Department of Telecommunications, Government of India.Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved12 June 2015.
^Nagarajan, Saraswathy (10 September 2006)."Matchbox journeys".The Hindu. Chennai, India.Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved11 June 2009.
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